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51.
Joshua W. Thompson Maria F. Valdes Michel Bryan T. Phillips 《Molecular biology of the cell》2022,33(5)
The Caenorhabditis elegans Wnt/β-catenin asymmetry (WβA) pathway utilizes asymmetric regulation of SYS-1/β-catenin and POP-1/TCF coactivators. WβA differentially regulates gene expression during cell fate decisions, specifically by asymmetric localization of determinants in mother cells to produce daughters biased toward their appropriate cell fate. Despite the induction of asymmetry, β-catenin localizes symmetrically to mitotic centrosomes in both mammals and C. elegans. Owing to the mitosis-specific localization of SYS-1 to centrosomes and enrichment of SYS-1 at kinetochore microtubules when SYS-1 centrosomal loading is disrupted, we investigated active trafficking in SYS-1 centrosomal localization. Here, we demonstrate that trafficking by microtubule motor dynein is required to maintain SYS-1 centrosomal enrichment, by dynein RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated decreases in SYS-1 centrosomal enrichment and by temperature-sensitive allele of the dynein heavy chain. Conversely, we observe depletion of microtubules by nocodazole treatment or RNAi of dynein-proteasome adapter ECPS-1 exhibits increased centrosomal enrichment of SYS-1. Moreover, disruptions to SYS-1 or negative regulator microtubule trafficking are sufficient to significantly exacerbate SYS-1 dependent cell fate misspecifications. We propose a model whereby retrograde microtubule-mediated trafficking enables SYS-1 enrichment at centrosomes, enhancing its eventual proteasomal degradation. These studies support the link between centrosomal localization and enhancement of proteasomal degradation, particularly for proteins not generally considered “centrosomal.” 相似文献
52.
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP or abasic) sites are among the most abundant DNA lesions. Numerous proteins within different organisms ranging from bacteria to human have been demonstrated to react with AP sites to form covalent Schiff base DNA–protein cross-links (DPCs). These DPCs are unstable due to their spontaneous hydrolysis, but the half-lives of these cross-links can be as long as several hours. Such long-lived DPCs are extremely toxic due to their large sizes, which physically block DNA replication. Therefore, these adducts must be promptly eradicated to maintain genome integrity. Herein, we used in vitro reconstitution experiments with chemically synthesized, stable, and site-specific Schiff base AP-peptide/protein cross-link analogs to demonstrate for the first time that this type of DPC can be repaired by Escherichia coli (E. coli) long-patch base excision repair. We demonstrated that the repair process requires a minimum of three enzymes and five consecutive steps, including: (1) 5′-DNA strand incision of the DPC by endonuclease IV; (2 to 4) strand-displacement DNA synthesis, removal of the 5′-deoxyribose phosphate-peptide/protein adduct-containing flap, and gap-filling DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase I; and (5) strand ligation by a ligase. We further demonstrated that endonuclease IV plays a major role in incising an AP-peptide cross-link within E. coli cell extracts. We also report that eradicating model AP-protein (11.2–36.1 kDa) DPCs is less efficient than that of an AP-peptide10mer cross-link, supporting the emerging model that proteolysis is likely required for efficient DPC repair. 相似文献
53.
Johannes Hfle Timo Trenkner Nadja Kleist Vera Schwane Sarah Vollmers Bryan Barcelona Annika Niehrs Pia Fittje Van Hung HuynhTran Jürgen Sauter Alexander H Schmidt Sven Peine Angelique Hoelzemer Laura Richert Marcus Altfeld Christian Krner 《EMBO reports》2022,23(8)
NK cells utilize a large array of receptors to screen their surroundings for aberrant or virus‐infected cells. Given the vast diversity of receptors expressed on NK cells we seek to identify receptors involved in the recognition of HIV‐1‐infected cells. By combining an unbiased large‐scale screening approach with a functional assay, we identify TRAIL to be associated with NK cell degranulation against HIV‐1‐infected target cells. Further investigating the underlying mechanisms, we demonstrate that TRAIL is able to elicit multiple effector functions in human NK cells independent of receptor‐mediated induction of apoptosis. Direct engagement of TRAIL not only results in degranulation but also IFNγ production. Moreover, TRAIL‐mediated NK cell activation is not limited to its cognate death receptors but also decoy receptor I, adding a new perspective to the perceived regulatory role of decoy receptors in TRAIL‐mediated cytotoxicity. Based on these findings, we propose that TRAIL not only contributes to the anti‐HIV‐1 activity of NK cells but also possesses a multifunctional role beyond receptor‐mediated induction of apoptosis, acting as a regulator for the induction of different effector functions. 相似文献
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Lewis G. Tilney Joseph Bryan Doris J. Bush Keigi Fujiwara Mark S. Mooseker Douglas B. Murphy Daniel H. Snyder 《The Journal of cell biology》1973,59(2):267-275
When microtubules are fixed in glutaraldehyde in the presence of tannic acid and thin sections cut, the subunit structure of the microtubule is readily observed without the need of image reinforcement. Seven types of microtubules were analyzed: those in the heliozoan axoneme, the mitotic apparatus, the contractile axostyle, repolymerized microtubules derived from the chick brain, the central pair in flagella, and the A tubules of flagella and the basal body. In all cases microtubules were composed of 13 equally spaced protofilaments. The B tubules in flagella and the basal body appear to be composed of 11 subunits. The connections of the B to the A and the C to the B are described. A model of a microtubule is presented. 相似文献
60.
土壤食细菌线虫的原位富集培养方法 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用两种孔径的尼龙网袋(1mm和5μm),将盆钵供试土壤分成内外两层,内层土壤混合猪粪或稻草,并以不添加猪粪和稻草的供试土壤作为空白;外层直接接入供试土壤,进行培养,以获取土著食细菌线虫大量富集的试验土壤。结果表明:添加基质(猪粪和稻草)显著地促进了土壤线虫的繁殖,大量繁殖的线虫通过1mm网袋迁移至外层未加基质的土壤,而采用5μm网袋则限制了线虫向外层土壤的迁移。添加猪粪的1mm网袋处理经过28d培养后,外层土壤线虫数是空白处理的9.1倍;添加稻草的1mm网袋处理经过35d培养后,外层土壤线虫数是空白处理的5.9倍。添加两种基质的5μm网袋处理,外层土壤线虫数和空白处理差异不大。添加基质主要是促进了食细菌线虫的繁殖,在培养结束时,添加猪粪的1mm网袋处理的食细菌线虫比例达到98.2%,添加稻草的1mm网袋处理的食细菌线虫比例达到90.5%,两个处理食细菌线虫的总数分别是空白处理的14.8倍和8.9倍,并且主要是Protorhabditis sp.线虫的增加。 相似文献