Proteoglycan metabolism associated with mouse metanephric development: morphologic and biochemical effects of beta-D-xyloside

Morphology and de novo incorporation of [35S]sulfate into proteoglycans were studied in fetal mouse kidneys at the onset of organogenesis. Branching morphogenesis and nephron development in organ culture and in vivo were associated with de novo synthesis of chondroitin-SO4 and heparan-SO4 proteoglycans. The role of proteoglycan metabolism in metanephrogenesis was then studied by analysis of the effects of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside (beta-D-xyloside) on renal development and proteoglycan metabolism. Incubation of fetal kidneys in beta-D-xyloside at concentrations of 1.0 and 0.5 mM, but not at 0.1 mM, caused inhibition of ureteric branching and markedly diminished synthesis of a large Mr 2.0 X 10(6) Da chondroitin-SO4 proteoglycan. Incorporation of [35S]sulfate was stimulated at all beta-D-xyloside concentrations, reflecting synthesis of xyloside initiated dermatan-35SO4 chains. In contrast to dramatic effects on chondroitin-SO4 synthesis and ureteric branching, beta-D-xyloside had no effect on heparan-SO4 synthesis or on development of the glomerulus and glomerular basement membrane. We thus characterize the proteoglycans synthesized early in the course of renal organogenesis and describe observations which suggest an association between metabolism of chondroitin-SO4 proteoglycan and development of the ureter.     

Locations of the hydrogenases of Methanobacterium formicicum after subcellular fractionation of cell extract.

The F420 hydrogenase of Methanobacterium formicicum was associated with membranes isolated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation of cell extract. The methyl viologen hydrogenase was present in the soluble fractions. Column chromatography with phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B revealed that the F420 hydrogenase was strongly hydrophobic, suggesting that it associates with isolated membranes through hydrophobic interactions.     

Cholera toxin and pertussis toxin regulate the Fc receptor-mediated phagocytic response of human neutrophils in a manner analogous to regulation by monoclonal antibody 1C2

Data presented in this paper indicate that polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis can be markedly augmented and that this augmentation is under regulatory control. Stimulation of PMN with either a low m.w., heat-labile cytokine(s) (the culture supernatant effluent from a YM-10 Centricon unit, YM-10E), phorbol esters (phorbol dibutyrate), or the polyene antibiotic, amphotericin B, enhances Fc-mediated ingestion in a dose-dependent manner. YM-10 effluent- and amphotericin B-stimulated ingestion is completely abrogated by treating the PMN with either pertussis toxin (PT), cholera toxin (CT), or a monoclonal antibody (mAb), 1C2. However, neither toxin nor mAb 1C2 affects nonstimulated ingestion or phagocytosis stimulated by phorbol esters or synthetic diacylglycerol. Increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels by stimulation with prostaglandin E1 and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, isobutylmethylxanthine, does not mimic the effect of either toxin or mAb 1C2. In addition, toxin-mediated inhibition is not due to loss of either the Fc receptor recognized by mAb 3G8 or the antigen recognized by mAb 1C2. These data indicate that both CT and PT regulate the phagocytic response of PMN, in a manner like mAb 1C2, probably by affecting a guanosine 5'-triphosphate-binding protein distinct from those that regulate adenylate cyclase. Since phorbol ester-stimulated ingestion is not inhibited by either PT, CT, or mAb 1C2 and phorbol esters activate protein kinase C directly, phagocytosis amplification regulated by PT, CT, and mAb 1C2 may involve protein kinase C activation.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of "loop closing" in the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase

We present molecular dynamics simulations on the active site region of dimeric triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) using the co-ordinates of native chicken muscle TIM as a starting point and performing simulations with no substrate, with dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), the natural substrate, and with dihydroxyacetone sulfate (DHAS), a substrate analog. Whereas most of the protein moves less than 1 A during the simulation, some residues in the active site loop move more than 8 A during the 10.5 picoseconds of dynamics for each of the simulations. Most interestingly, the nature of the loop motion depends on the substrate, with the largest motion found in the presence of DHAP, and only in the presence of DHAP does the loop move to "close off" the active site pocket. The final structure found for the DHAP-chicken TIM complex is qualitatively similar to that described by Alber et al. for DHAP-yeast TIM. Simulations on the monomeric protein gives insight into why the molecule is active only as a dimer.     

Reconstitution of somatostatin and muscarinic receptor mediated stimulation of K+ channels by isolated GK protein in clonal rat anterior pituitary cell membranes

Somatostatin (SS) inhibits secretion from many cells, including clonal GH3 pituitary cells, by a complex mechanism that involves a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive step and is not limited to its cAMP lowering effect, since secretion induced by cAMP analogs and K+ depolarization are also inhibited. SS also causes membrane hyperpolarization which may lead to decreases in intracellular Ca2+ need for secretion. Using patch clamp techniques we now demonstrate: 1) that both (SS) and acetylcholine applied through the patch pipette to the extracellular face of a patch activate a 55-picosiemens K+ channel without using a soluble second messenger; 2) that, after patch excision, the active state of the ligand-stimulated channel is dependent on GTP in the bath, is abolished by treatment of the cytoplasmic face of the patch with activated PTX and NAD+, and after inactivation by PTX, is restored in a GTP-dependent manner by addition of a nonactivated human erythrocyte PTX-sensitive G protein, and 3) that the 55-picosiemens K+ channel can also be activated in a ligand-independent manner with guanosine [gamma-thio] triphosphate (GTP gamma S) or with Mg2+/GTP gamma S-activated erythrocyte G protein. We call this protein GK. It is an alpha-beta-gamma trimer of which we have previously shown that the alpha-subunit is the substrate for PTX and that it dissociates on activation with Mg2+/GTP gamma S into alpha-GTP gamma S plus beta-gamma. A similarly activated and dissociated preparation of GS, the stimulatory regulatory component of adenylyl cyclase, having a different alpha-subunit but the same beta-gamma-dimer, was unable to cause K+ opening.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Light induces a rapid and transient increase in inositol-trisphosphate in toad rod outer segments

The sub-second time course of changes in the content of [3H]inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate was determined in rod outer segments from very rapidly frozen Bufo retinas that had been incubated with [3H]inositol. Rod outer segments were cut off frozen specimens with a cryostat microtome and the water soluble extracts were analyzed. The content of [3H]inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate rose after approximately 250 msec of bright illumination, but returned to the unstimulated level after 1 sec, whether the stimulus remained on or not. That is, there was rapid but transient change in the content of [3H]inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate after the onset of stimulation.     

Evidence for lactate utilization for fetal lung glycogen synthesis

Fetal rabbit lungs from 23 day gestation animals were used to investigate the potential role of lactate as a substrate for fetal lung glycogen synthesis. Fetal lactate dehydrogenase activity was approximately twice that found in the adult lung, while the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was elevated fourfold over the adult value. Pyruvate carboxylase activities were similar in both fetal and adult lungs. Studies employing fetal lung explants in organ culture indicated that the presence of both glucose and lactate may be necessary for glycogen accumulation in the developing fetal lung. These data support the hypothesis that lactate is an important precursor for fetal lung glycogen.