不同方式处理牛粪对大豆生长和品质的影响

大型养殖场粪便堆积造成严重的环境污染,对这类废弃物开展资源化利用研究具有重要生态学和经济学意义。以不施肥料处理(CK)为对照,研究了生态养殖场牛粪经腐熟(DD)和蚯蚓处理(RD)后对大豆生长与品质的影响。研究表明:生态养殖场牛粪经过两种处理后,在一定施用量范围(DD≤30 t/hm2,RD≤45 t/hm2)内,可显著增加大豆株高、分株数、干物质积累,促进植株生长,增加单株荚数、籽粒数、籽粒重,提高大豆产量(P<0.01)。施入腐熟牛粪30 t/hm2株高和单株结荚数比CK分别增加24.2 cm、63%;经蚯蚓处理后,可以提高牛粪施用量的上限,施入蚯蚓处理过的牛粪45 t/hm2时产量最高、单株结荚数最多,比CK分别增加72%和75%(P<0.01);施入蚯蚓处理过的牛粪15 t/hm2时,粗蛋白含量、蛋脂总量最高,比CK分别增加7%和6%(P<0.01)。本研究可为大型养殖场牛粪资源化利用提供科学依据。     

氯化钠对培养的大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞的心房钠尿肽受体的调节

培养的卒中型自发性高血压大鼠(SHR_(sp))及其对照 WKY 大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞(VSMC)上存在心房钠尿肽(ANP)的特异性受体,它们与~(125)I-ANP 的最大结合量(B_(max))是:SHR_(sp)3.65±0.13和 WKY 1.89±0.09 pmol/mg pr(P<0.01);解离平衡常数(Kd)值分别是72.6±10.2和42.0±4.8×10~(-12)mol/L(P<0.01)。 两种细胞内介导舒血管作用的第二信使、环磷酸乌苷(cGMP)的基础浓度无显著差异,对相同剂量 ANP 刺激引起 cGMP 分别增加139(SHRsp)和271(WKY)倍。可见 SHRsp 的 VSMC ANP 受体数量虽比 WKY大鼠增多,但对相同剂量 ANP 引起的 cGMP 增加反应及 ANP 受体的亲和力均显著降低。高盐培养液孵育24h 后,细胞表面 ANP 受体的亲和力改变不明显,但受体数量下调,SHRsp 和 WKY 大鼠分别降至对照的34.8±8.2%和38.6±9.4%,细胞对 ANP 引起的 cGMP增加反应明显降低,且均以 SHR_(sp)较显著。提示后两种变化可能在高盐促进血压升高的机制中起作用。     

Beam-induced motion of vitrified specimen on holey carbon film

The contrast observed in images of frozen-hydrated biological specimens prepared for electron cryo-microscopy falls significantly short of theoretical predictions. In addition to limits imposed by the current instrumentation, it is widely acknowledged that motion of the specimen during its exposure to the electron beam leads to significant blurring in the recorded images. We have studied the amount and direction of motion of virus particles suspended in thin vitrified ice layers across holes in perforated carbon films using exposure series. Our data show that the particle motion is correlated within patches of 0.3-0.5 μm, indicating that the whole ice layer is moving in a drum-like motion, with accompanying particle rotations of up to a few degrees. Support films with smaller holes, as well as lower electron dose rates tend to reduce beam-induced specimen motion, consistent with a mechanical effect. Finally, analysis of movies showing changes in the specimen during beam exposure show that the specimen moves significantly more at the start of an exposure than towards its end. We show how alignment and averaging of movie frames can be used to restore high-resolution detail in images affected by beam-induced motion.     

Spatio-temporal population genetics of the Danish pine marten (Martes martes)

A spatio-temporal study of genetic variation in the Danish pine marten ( Martes martes ) populations from the Jutland peninsula and from the island of Sealand was performed using 11 microsatellite markers. Samples obtained from 1892 to 2003 were subdivided into historical (prior to 1970) and recent (from 1970) groups. As compared with the historical samples, there was a significant loss of genetic variation in the recent Jutland population, but not in Sealand. Effective population sizes were estimated using Bayesian-based software (TMVP). Historical effective population sizes were 5897 (90% highest probability density, HPD, limits: 1502–6849) in Jutland and 1300 (90% HPD limits: 224–5929) in Sealand, whereas recent effective population sizes were 14.7 (90% HPD limits: 10.9–23.5) in Jutland and 802 (90% HPD limits: 51.8–5510) in Sealand. Significant genetic differentiation ( F _ST) was found between the two historical samples, between the two recent samples, and between the historical and the recent sample in Jutland; whereas the F _ST value between the historical and the recent sample in Sealand was not significant. The significant genetic differentiation between the historical and the recent samples indicates changes in the genetic compositions over time, and the higher F _ST values between the two recent samples, as compared with the two historical samples, indicates that the populations in Sealand and Jutland have drifted apart within a short time span. No deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was found within populations, indicating no further substructuring.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 93 , 457–464.     

Dynamics of Competition in Populations of Carrot (Daucus carota)

Populations of carrot (Daucus carota) were raised over a widerange of densities (79–5763 plants m^-2) to examine thedynamics of competition in terms of yield–density relationshipsand size variability, and to investigate the effects of nutrientsupply on competition. While the relationship between shootyield and density was asymptotic, the relationship between rootand total yield and density tended to be parabolic. For a giventime and density series the relationship between yield per unitarea and density could best be described by the model: y=w_mD_(1+aD)^b wherey is the yield per unit area,D is density,w_m, a andb arefitted parameters. The parametersw_m anda increased over timebut nutrient availability affected onlyw_m. An extension of thebasic yield-density model is proposed to describe the dynamicsof the yield–density relationship over time: y=kD_{[1+cexp(-rt)]{1+}     

小脑间位核和顶核对下丘脑外侧区神经元电活动的影响

电刺激猫小脑问位核和顶核可以影响下丘脑外侧区神经元的电活动,其中有一些神经元是葡萄糖敏感神经元.这一结果揭示小脑不仅具有经典的躯体运动调节功能,同时也可以通过小脑-下丘脑通路参与机体非躯体活动的调节.