生态效益及其特性

生态效益从1980年代提出以来,在我国得到了广泛的应用。但到了1990年代,随着外来词—生态系统服务(功能)的引进,生态效益在生态学界的使用不像从前普遍。将探讨生态效益的定义、与生态系统服务的关系、形成机制和主要特征,为国家将落实生态效益纳入到社会经济发展评价指标体系提供理论基础。将生态效益定义为生态系统及其变化引起的人类生存和社会经济发展条件的改善程度,并指出了生态效益形成机制及其特性的范围,其中机制包括:生态系统功能发挥机制、生态系统内部稳定机制以及人与自然耦合机制;生态效益特性包括:生态系统介导性、人类福祉相关性、区域环境依赖性、持续再生性、多维性、跨尺度性、外部性、基础性和非市场性。这将为生态效益监测评价方法的建立和不同研究成果比较提供科学基础。     

SARS-CoV-2污染的进口冷链产品导致的一起大连本土新冠疫情

2020年12月15日,大连市报告了4名码头冷链货物搬运工人SARS-CoV-2核酸检测呈阳性,在此之前,大连市已经连续136天没有报告本土病例.在这次大连COVID-19疫情(简称"大连新冠疫情")中,我们收集了2020年12月15日至2021年1月8日期间大连新冠疫情中全部感染者(83)及部分接触的轮船货物样本,其中确诊病例占61.45％(51/83),无症状感染者占38.55％(32/83).通过高通量测序,共获得76条SARS-CoV-2全基因组序列,其中72条(86.75％,72/83)来自临床样本,4条来自R国籍A货船上的冷链食品外包装样本.基因组分析数据显示,与武汉参考株(NC_045512)相比,76条全基因组分别存在12～16个核苷酸突变位点,共享12个核苷酸突变位点,符合B.1.1进化分支突变特征.结合病毒基因组学和现场流行病学调查结果综合分析表明,大连新冠疫情是一起由SARS-CoV-2污染的进口冷链产品感染码头工人导致的本土疫情,在传播过程中至少形成了3个病毒代际和3个相对独立的传播链.     

Preliminary genetic linkage maps of Chinese herb Dendrobium nobile and D. moniliforme

Dendrobium is an endangered genus in the orchid family with medicinal and horticultural value. Two preliminary genetic linkage maps were constructed using 90 F₁ progeny individuals derived from an interspecific cross between D. nobile and D. moniliforme (both, 2n?=?38), using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR). A total of 286 RAPD loci and 68 ISSR loci were identified and used for genetic linkage analysis. Maps were constructed by double pseudo-testcross mapping strategy using the software Mapmaker/EXP ver. 3.0, and Kosambi map distances were constructed using a LOD score ≥ 4 and a recombination threshold of 0.4. The resulting frame map of D. nobile was 1474 cM in total length with 116 loci distributed in 15 linkage groups; and the D. moniliforme linkage map had 117 loci placed in 16 linkage groups spanning 1326.5 cM. Both maps showed 76.91% and 73.59% genome coverage for D. nobile and D. moniliforme, respectively. These primary maps provide an important basis for genetic studies and further medicinal and horticultural traits mapping and marker-assisted selection in Dendrobium breeding programmes.     

不同生境及采样部位对南方红豆杉活性成分含量的影响

采用HPLC法,对采自浙江、福建和江西7个产地以及不同坡向(阴坡和阳坡)、不同坡位(高、中、低坡位)的野生南方红豆杉[Taxus wallichiana var.mairei (Lemée et Lévl.)L.K.Fu et Nan Li]枝叶中紫杉醇、7-木糖紫杉醇和三尖杉宁碱含量进行了分析,并比较了南方红豆杉不同部位(茎皮和枝叶)和不同冠层中3种成分的含量;在此基础上对3种成分含量与环境因子(包括地理、气候及土壤因子)的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:采自阳坡的枝叶中3种成分的含量明显高于阴坡,不同坡向间紫杉醇和7-木糖紫杉醇含量差异显著(P＜0.05).采自不同坡位的枝叶中3种成分的含量均有一定差异,其中采自低坡位的枝叶中3种成分的含量均最高.不同产地间紫杉醇含量有极显著差异(P＜0.01)、7-木糖紫杉醇和三尖杉宁碱含量则有显著差异(P＜0.05);总体上看,采自福建建阳和江西景德镇的枝叶中3种成分的含量相对较高.南方红豆杉茎皮中3种成分的含量显著高于其枝叶;高冠层枝叶中3种成分的含量均高于低冠层枝叶,不同冠层间紫杉醇和7-木糖紫杉醇含量差异显著(P＜0.05).相关性分析结果表明:南方红豆杉中三尖杉宁碱含量与土壤中全N和土壤有机质含量呈极显著或显著的负相关性,与其他因子的相关性均不显著;而紫杉醇和7-木糖紫杉醇含量与所有因子均无显著的相关性;海拔与3种成分的含量均呈不显著的负相关性,提示低海拔可能有利于南方红豆杉中3种成分的合成及积累.     

Validation and dissection of quantitative trait loci for leaf traits in interval RM4923-RM402 on the short arm of rice chromosome 6

Validation and dissection of a QTL region for leaf traits in rice which has been reported in a number of independent studies were conducted. Three sets of near isogenic lines (NILs) were originated from a residual heterozygous line derived the indica cross Zhenshan 97B/Milyang 46. They were overlapping and totally covered a 4.2-Mb heterogenous region extending from RM4923 to RM402 on the short arm of rice chromosome 6. Each NIL set consisted of 10 maternal lines and 10 paternal lines. They were measured for the length, width, perimeter and area of the top three leaves and the number of spikelets per panicle, number of grains per panicle and grain weight per panicle. In NIL sets 6-4 and 6-7, differing in intervals RM4923-RM225 and RM19410-RM6119, respectively, significant variations with the enhancing alleles from the female parent ZS97 were shown for the length, perimeter and area except for the area of the third leaf from top in 6-4, but the effects were lower in 6-4 than in 6-7. No significant effects were detected for the three traits in the remaining NIL set. It was shown that flag leaf length (FLL) is the primary target of the QTLs detected. Two QTLs for FLL linked in repulsion phase were resolved, of which qFLL6.2 located in the 1.19-Mb interval RM3414-RM6917 had a major effect with the enhancing allele from Zhenshan 97B, and qFLL6.1 located in the 946.8-kb interval RM19350-RM19410 had a smaller effect with the enhancing allele from Milyang 46. The two QTLs also exerted pleiotropic effects on the yield traits.     

大连市两种来源的副溶血性弧菌分子分型

目的 分析食品来源、患者来源及2种来源的副溶血性弧菌之间的PFGE图谱的关系,从分子流行病学角度探讨2种来源的副溶血性弧菌的关联。 方法 收集患者和食品2种来源的副溶血性弧菌178株,经限制性内切酶SfiI酶切,用脉冲场凝胶电泳方法进行电泳,凝胶成像仪获得电泳图谱,利用BioNumerics软件对图谱进行聚类分析。 结果 食品来源的96株菌,有13株降解,83株菌被限制性内切酶SfiI酶切出83个PFGE types(PT),聚类分析发现各菌株间相似系数为55.6%～97.4%,按带型相似系数为85%标准划分为1~67共67个克隆群。患者来源的82株菌,有5株降解,77株菌被限制性内切酶SfiI酶切出46个PFGE types(PT),聚类分析发现各菌株间相似系数为64.1%～100.0%,按带型相似系数为85.0%标准划分为A～O群共15个克隆群。将2种来源的共160株副溶血性弧菌的PFGE图谱进行聚类分析,各菌株间相似系数为41.7%～100.0%,按带型相似系数为85.0%标准划分为79个克隆群。 结论 多数食品来源菌株间相似系数较低,患者来源菌株间相似系数高,而食品和患者来源菌株间相似系数较低,只有少数食品来源与患者来源菌株相似系数较高。     

金鱼不同组织器官及胚胎发育不同时期蛋白水解酶的种类和活性变化

采用复性电泳方法研究了金鱼组织器官蛋白水解酶及个体发生过程中蛋白水解酶的种类和活性变化,主要结果表明：⑴金鱼各组织器官蛋白水解酶种类差异不大,大多数组织器官都具有１１３、６９、２０、１６ｋＤ四条带,但不同组织器官常具有其特异性蛋白水解酶;肠道蛋白水解酶种类最多、活性最强。⑵蛋白水解酶的活性受ｐＨ值影响和制约,大多数组织器官蛋白水解酶活性最适ｐＨ值为８．５。⑶在金鱼胚胎发育早期（从卵裂到心跳期）多数