Plant lectins specific for N-acetyl-β-D-galactosamine

N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine in β-linkage being ubiquitous in cell surface glycoproteins, their interaction with lectins specific for this sugar moiety may be a significant event in cell adhesion phenomena. This article discusses the common β-N-acetyl galactosamine-specific lectins, with particular stress on the lectin from winged beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus).     

Demonstration of an “Excitation-Contraction Recoupling” Mechanism in Mammalian Ventricular Myocardium

A PROCESS called “excitation-contraction coupling” has been generally accepted to take place only in the direction of excitation to contraction. Through this mechanism a propagated action potential initiates an active state in skeletal or cardiac muscle and the muscle contracts. We propose that, in the mammalian ventricular myocardium at least, the process is not unidirectional and an important reverse coupling between the contractile system and the excitable plasma membrane has been overlooked. Through this feedback interaction the mode of contraction (that is, isotonic or isometric) not only determines the instantaneous electrical state of the plasma membrane, but also influences the mechanical events of the subsequent beats. Thus when Kaufmann et al.¹ recorded intracellular action potentials from cat papillary muscle, the time course of the repolarization was altered depending on the mode of contraction. Some kind of contraction-excitation feedback has also been suggested by Stauch² and Lab^3,4. They showed a difference in the shape of the monophasic action potential, as recorded by a suction electrode, when comparing isotonic and isovolumic contraction of the intact ventricle. But their experimental conditions did not allow satisfactory analysis of the phenomenon.     

Function of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">rel</Emphasis> Gene in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

Sokawa et al. suggest that rel^- strains of Escherichia coli possess abnormal protein synthesizing machinery, which cannot carry out normal protein synthesis when the supply of amino-acids is limited.     

“Pleiotypic Response”

A hypothesis has been developed to relate stringent control in bacteria to a set of interactions involved in the regulation of growth of transformed and untransformed mammalian cells.     

Inhibition of DNA Synthesis but not of Poly-dAT Synthesis by the Arabinose Analogue of Cytidine <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

Kimball and Wilson¹ reported that the arabinose analogue of cytidine (ara-C) inhibited DNA polymerase in a crude extract prepared from Ehrlich ascites cells. Furth and Cohen² observed cytosine arabinoside triphosphate (ara-CTP) inhibited DNA polymerase in extracts from either calf thymus or bovine lymphosarcoma tissue, although these investigators³ had already found no effect of ara-CTP on DNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. The inhibition in both of these cases could be substantially reversed by dCTP; but incorporation of the arabinose nucleotide (ara-CMP) into DNA could not be unequivocally demonstrated. Graham and Whitmore⁴ reported the incorporation of ara-C into DNA in vivo and the inhibition of a DNA polymerase from L cells by ara-CTP. They found that ara-CMP was initially incorporated into small DNA strands but subsequently appeared in long strands. Momparler⁵ has presented evidence that, in vitro, ara-C incorporation was limited to the 3′-hydroxyl end of DNA chains. Such incorporation might be expected to block further chain elongation but this expectation was not supported by the evidence presented by Graham and Whitmore.     

Endopeptidase Activity of Phage λ-Endolysin

JACOB and Fuerst^1,2 demonstrated the presence of a bacteriolytic enzyme (λ-endolysin) in the induced cultures of lysogenic Escherichia coli K12 (λ). The enzyme was later identified as the product of gene R; of phage λ³ which is involved in bacterial lysis at the end of a latent period. The enzyme is apt to form spheroplast-like structures in E. coli² and one would therefore expect its substrate to be murein.     

Beiträge zur Ökologie des Aphano-Matricarietum Tüxen 1937

Zusammenfassung 1. An Hand von 101 Aufnahmen wird das Aphano-Matricarietum typicum and scleranthetosum im Unteren Eichsfeld in eine typische, eineRanunculus repens-, eineGnaphalium uliginosum-und eineJuncus bufonius-Variante gegliedert.2. Durch Bestimmungen des Bodenwassergehaltes und des pflanzenverfügbaren Wassers sowie durch Berechnung des W-Wertes nachEllenberg wird die Reihe der Varianten als Reihe zunehmender Feuchtigkeit charakterisiert.3. Bei zunehmender Dichte des Getreidebestandes nehmen die dominierenden Unkräuter stark ab, die schwach deckenden Unkräuter dagegen zu.4. Aus den Deckungswerten der soziologischen Tabelle werden Konkurrenzwirkungen zwischenMatricaria chamomilla, Aphanes arvensis undStellaria media belegt.

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Summary 1. In two subassociations of a weed community (Aphano-Matricarietum typicum and scleranthetosum) 101 relevés are used for distinguish three subunits: a var. ofRanunculus repens, ofGnaphalium uliginosum and ofJuncus bufonius.By estimating the water contents and pF values of the soil and by calculating the water figure afterEllenberg this series of subunits is shown to be a series of increasing humidity.2. With increasing density of the cereal grasses, the stronger dominant weeds decrease, while the weaker ones increase.3. A method is described to calculate competition between the dominant weeds from the figures of the sociological relevés. Interactions have been found betweenMatricaria chamomilla at the one side andAphanes arvensis andStellaria media at the other side and vice versa.

     

Über die interspezifische Wirkung des Sexuallockstoffes von Apis mellifica und Apis cerana

Zusammenfassung In Feldversuchen an Drohnensammelplätzen wurden Königinnen von Apis mellifica und A. cerana von mellifica-Drohnen angeflogen. Die arteigene Königin wurde bei gleichzeitiger Darbietung der artfremden Königin in manchen Fällen (an Tagen mit geringer sexueller Appetenz der Drohnen) gesichert bevorzugt.Elektrophysiologisch konnten von den Porenplatten der Drohnenantennen beider Arten langsame Potentiale bei Reizung mit 9-Oxo-trans-2-decensäure (Queen substance) abgeleitet werden. Auf dieselben Riechzellen wirkt auch das Mandibeldrüsensekret von A. cerana. Bei beiden Arten standen die Wirkungen von Queen substance-Proben und von Cerana-Mandibeldrüsen zueinander im gleichen Verhältnis.Riechzellen des gleichen Typs finden sich auch auf den Antennen von Arbeiterinnen und Königinnen beider Arten. Ein anderer Riechzelltyp bei allen Kasten beider Arten reagiert auf den Sterzelduft von A. mellifica.

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On the interspecific effect of the sex attractant of Apis mellifica and Apis cerana

Summary In field experiments drones of Apis mellifica were attracted by queens of Apis mellifica and of A. cerana. On days of low sexual appetite the drones showed a significant preference for their own queen.In both species we recorded spikes and slow potentials from the poreplates of the drones antennae. The same type of olfactory sense cells responds to 9-oxotrans-2-decenoic acid (queen substance) and to the secretion of the mandibular gland of Apis cerana. The quantitative relationship of the effects of the queen substance probes and of the cerana-mandibular glands were the same in both species.Olfactory cells of the same type were found on the queens' and workers' antennae of both species. Another cell type common to all castes of both species responds to the scent of the Nasanov gland of A. mellifica.

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Für die freundliche Überlassung von Proben synthetischer 9-Oxo-trans-2-decensäure danken wir Herrn R. K. Callow (Rothamsted) und H. Rembold (München).