中国隆痣短柄泥蜂属研究及二新记录种记述（膜翅目：方头泥蜂科）

记述我国已知的隆痣短柄泥蜂属Carinostigmus Tsuneki 9种,其中包括2中国新记录种:脉隆痣短柄泥蜂Carinostigmus costatus Krombein, 1984,以及弯柄隆痣短柄泥蜂Carinostigmus maior (Maidl, 1925)。编制了中国隆痣短柄泥蜂属已知种类检索表。     

慢性溴氰菊酯摄取对大鼠胃黏膜损伤及P物质的表达的影响

目的:探索溴氰菊酯慢性中毒对大鼠胃黏膜的病理损伤及损伤后P物质表达的影响.方法:实验组大鼠分别给予不同荆量溴氰菊酯灌胃,对照组仅给予橄榄油.取胃体部组织,制成石蜡切片,HE及免疫组织化学染色,镜下观察胃黏膜损伤及胃黏膜组织P物质的表达情况,并对损伤程度进行累计积分、壁细胞计数.结果:高剂量组大鼠胃粘膜慢性损害病理积分与各组相比差异均有显著性(P＜0.05);壁细胞计数与对照组相比较其差异有P＜0.05).免疫组化发现SP在实验组大鼠胃黏膜组织中呈强阳性表达,在对照组则呈弱阳性表达;平均光密度(OD)值显示高、中剂量组之间及与其余各组之间差异均有显著(P＜0.05l.结论:溴氰菊酯对大鼠胃黏膜有较明显的慢性损伤,SP可能参与胃黏膜局部病变.     

Toxicological and biochemical characterizations of malathion sensitivity in two field populations of Oxya chinensis （Orthoptera： Acridoidea）

We evaluate comparative toxicity of malathion in the two populations of the grasshopper Oxya chinensis, collected from Daixian and Fanshi of Shanxi province, China. General esterases and acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） from the two populations were characterized and compared. LD50 of the Daixian population （7.58 μg/g body weight） was 2.02-fold higher than that of the Fanshi population （3.75μg/g body weight）. General esterase-specific activities in the Daixian population were 1.91,130 and 1.85-fold higher than those in the Fanshi population, when α-NA, α-NB and β-NA were used as a substrate, respectively. Kinetic studies of general esterase showed that Vmax values of general esterases hydrolyzing α-NA,α-NB and β-NA in the Daixian population were 2.15-, 1.12-, and 1.47-fold, respectively, higher than those in the Fanshi population. The AChE activity of the Fanshi population was 1.54-fold higher than that of the Daixian population. Kinetic analysis of AChE showed that significant differences were presented between the two populations in the Km values; and the Vmax value in the Fanshi population was higher than that in the Daixian population. Inhibition studies of AChE indicated that AChE from the Daixian population was 2.56-, 2.80-, and 2.29-fold less sensitive to inhibition by paraoxon, chlorpyrifos-oxon, and demeton-S-methyl, respectively, than that from the Fanshi population. These biochemical characterizations of general esterases and AChE were consistent with malathion bioassay in the two populations. It is inferred that the reduced sensitivity of altered AChE and increased general esterase activities play an important role in the differences of insusceptibility of Oxya chinensis to malathion between the two populations.     

多重耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的临床药物治疗及耐药机制研究

近年来,由多重耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌引起的院内感染不仅是临床医师必须经常面临的棘手问题,而且已对全人类的健康构成极大威胁。一直以来,万古霉素都是临床治疗革兰阳性菌感染的首选药物,曾被称为临床抗感染的"最后底线"。但目前,万古霉素耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌已经在许多国家分离出来,这就对开发新型抗感染治疗药物提出了迫切要求。就万古霉素及新型替代药物利奈唑胺和达托霉素的作用机制、临床应用情况及耐药状况做一综述。     

肺上皮细胞自噬体在结核分枝杆菌感染中保护作用的分子机制

目的：构建Atg5．真核表达载体并瞬时转染肺上皮细胞细胞株,探讨自噬在结核分枝杆菌感染上皮细胞中保护作用的分子机制。方法：设计针对Atg5的RNAi序列,化学合成后经过变性,退火连接到pSilencerTM3．1-H1hygro真核表达载体,经测序验证其正确性。脂质体法瞬时转染真核细胞A549,免疫印迹法检测瞬时转染的效果。用结核分枝杆菌分别感染正常和自噬表达低下的A549细胞．通过检测LDH来观察细胞的坏死情况。结果：成功的构建了pSilencerTM3．1-H1hygro真核表达载体并建瞬时转染了A549细胞株,成功抑制了细胞的自噬功能。Atg5-细胞对结核杆菌的抵抗能力下降。结论：在自噬表达低下的细胞中,细胞对结核分枝杆菌的抵抗能力有明显下降。在结核分枝杆菌感染上皮细胞的过程中,自噬是一种保护机制。     

壳寡糖对干旱胁迫下油菜叶片生理指标的影响

以世界主要油料作物油菜(Brassica napus L.)为研究对象,研究了干旱胁迫下外施壳寡糖对叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、叶绿素荧光参数及叶片相对含水量的影响.结果表明:壳寡糖处理早期油菜叶片SOD和POD活性明显下降,后期SOD和POD活性明显升高;壳寡糖处理后脯氨酸含量明显升高.壳寡糖还能够诱导光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ有效光化学量子产量(Fv'/Fm')、光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)和光系统Ⅱ电子传递量子产量(ΦPsⅡ)明显提高,同时初始荧光(Fo)和非光化学荧光猝灭系数(qN)明显降低.此外,壳寡糖还能够提高油菜叶片相对含水量.研究表明,外施壳寡糖改善了油菜抗旱相关的生理指标进而增强其抗旱能力.     

膨距革伊螨新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:中气门目:土革螨科)

记述革伊螨属1新种:膨距革伊螨Gamasiphis turgicalcareus sp.nov..     

Micro‐ and nano‐scale ultrastructure of cell walls in Cryogenian microfossils: revealing their biological affinity

Moczyd?owska, M., Schopf, J.W. & Willman, S. 2009: Micro‐ and nano‐scale ultrastructure of cell walls in Cryogenian microfossils: revealing their biological affinity. Lethaia, Vol. 43, pp. 129–136. Recently established protocols and methods in advanced microscopy and spectrometry applied to studies of ancient unicellular organic‐walled microfossils of uncertain biological affinities (acritarchs) provide new evidence of the fine ultrastructure of cell walls and their biochemistry that support the interpretation of some such microfossils as photosynthesizing microalgae. The micro‐scale and nanoscale ultrastructure of the cell walls of late Cryogenian sphaeromorphic acritarchs from the Chichkan Formation (Kazakhstan) revealed by the advanced techniques and studied originally by Kempe et al. (2005) is here further analysed and compared with that of modern microalgal analogues. On the basis of such comparison, we interpret the preserved cell wall ultrastructure to reflect original layering and lamination within sub‐layers of the fossil wall, rather than being a result of taphonomic and diagenetic alteration. The outer thick layer represents the primary wall and the inner layer the secondary wall of the cell, whereas the laminated amorphous sub‐layers, 10–20 nm in thickness and revealed by transmission electron and atomic force microscopy, are recognized as trilaminar sheath structure. Because two‐layered cell walls, trilaminar sheaths and the position of the TLS within the fossil cell wall are characteristic of the mature developmental state in cyst morphogenesis in modern microalgae, we infer that the Chichkan sphaeromorphs are probably resting cells (aplanospores) of chlorophyceaen green microalgae from the order Volvocales. □Biological affinity, cell wall, Cryogenian, microfossils, ultrastructure.     

植物化感作用与生物多样性

本文简要地阐释了化感作用的含义、基本特征以及作用机制,并结合生物多样性理论,综述了化感作用研究中化感物种的多样性、化感物质的多样性及其释放途径的多样性,具体讨论了化感作用对物种多样性、遗传多样性及生态系统多样性中的种群生态、协同进化、土壤生境、生态系统功能和生物入侵等方面的可能影响。文中提出了化感作用的利用、管理应与生物多样性保护相统一的看法,并指出对化感作用与生物多样性的关系以及相互影响机制进行本质的探索,特别是对植物化感作用的生态服务功能与价值评估与探讨,可为保护生物学和系统生态学提供理论基础,这也是今后工作开展的一个重要方向。     

外源Ca2+对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶绿体D1蛋白磷酸化及光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

用10 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂溶液预处理灌浆期小麦叶片,以水预处理为对照,然后将预处理植株进行高温强光（35 ℃,1600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）胁迫,测定胁迫处理过程中小麦旗叶光合电子传递速率、净光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数及D₁蛋白的变化,以研究外源Ca²⁺对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶片类囊体膜D₁蛋白磷酸化和PSⅡ功能的影响.结果表明：CaCl₂溶液预处理使小麦叶片在高温强光逆境下PSⅡ反应中心发生可逆失活,有效抑制了高温强光下D₁蛋白的净降解,保持了较高的D₁蛋白磷酸化水平,暗恢复后PSⅡ反应中心活性迅速恢复,全链电子传递速率和PSⅡ电子传递速率恢复至对照水平,维持了较高的PSⅡ原初光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、实际光化学效率(Ф_PSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数（q_P）和净光合速率（P_n）.表明外源Ca²⁺通过调节小麦叶绿体D₁蛋白的周转,促进了PSⅡ的正常运转,减轻了高温强光胁迫对叶片光合机构的损伤.