Abundance,composition and spatial variation in the egg bank of a tropical zooplankton community

The semi‐aquatic grasshopper Cornops aquaticum (Bruner, 1906) is native to South America, with a distribution from the Argentinian pampas to the Gulf of Mexico, and is currently being proposed as a biological control agent for the invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in South Africa. This study reports results of a neutral molecular marker (microsatellites) study on C. aquaticum within its native range. The data were analysed for levels of diversity and structure within/between South American populations, and correlations between host plant, geography and environmental/climatic variables were investigated. We found no evidence to support associations between host plant use and microsatellite genotypes (hypothesis 1). High levels of gene flow and weak genetic clustering of populations indicate a lack of differentiation, therefore an interaction between climate and local genotype (hypothesis 2) seems unlikely. Our results suggest that C. aquaticum may not have “tightly” coevolved with its host Eichhornia spp. (Pontederiaceae) as originally thought, and that instar variation might be due to the effect of local climate on phenotype (hypothesis 3) or possibly a locally adaptive trait.     

alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtypes - novel functions uncovered in gene-targeted mouse models

The family of adrenergic receptors contains nine different subtypes of G protein-coupled receptors which mediate the biological effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline. With few exceptions, the full therapeutic potential of subtype-selective therapy has not yet been explored for the group of adrenergic receptors. In the absence of sufficiently subtype-selective ligands which can distinguish between individual receptor subtypes of the adrenergic family, gene-targeted mouse models with deletions in these receptor genes have recently been generated and characterized. These genetic mouse models have helped to assign specific pharmacological effects of alpha(2)-receptor agonists or antagonists to individual receptor subtypes. However, some unexpected and novel functions of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors were also uncovered in these mouse models: Presynaptic control of catecholamine release from adrenergic nerves in the central and sympathetic nervous system may be regulated by three different alpha(2)-receptor subtypes, alpha(2A), alpha(2B), and alpha(2C). A similar feedback loop also controls the release of catecholamines from the adrenal gland. alpha(2B)-receptors are not only involved in regulating vascular tone in the adult organism, but they are essential for the development of the vascular system of the placenta during prenatal development. The challenge will now be to generate strategies to identify whether the findings obtained in gene-targeted mice may predict the action of receptor subtype-selective drugs in humans.     

Chromosome aberration analysis and the influence of mitotic delay after simulated partial-body exposure with high doses of sparsely and densely ionising radiation

The influence of high doses of sparsely and densely ionising radiation on the yield of aberrant human peripheral lymphocytes in simulated partial-body exposures was studied by investigating radiation-induced chromosome aberration frequencies, namely dicentric and centric ring chromosomes. Peripheral blood samples from two volunteers were irradiated with high doses of 200 kV X-rays or neutrons with a mean energy of <E _n>=2.1 MeV and partial-body exposure was simulated by mixing irradiated and non-irradiated blood from the same two donors in proportions of 25, 50, and 75%. Lymphocytes were cultured and first-division metaphase cells were collected after culture times of 48, 56, and 72 h. A significant underrepresentation of dicentric and centric ring chromosomes was observed at the three highest doses of X-rays between the different culture times for nearly all proportions. After neutron irradiation, some significant differences were observed at all doses and all culture times, without however, revealing any systematic pattern. The distribution of dicentric and ring chromosomes showed overdispersion for both radiation types. After simulated partial-body exposures with 200 kV X-rays and <E _n>=2.1 MeV neutrons, strong mitotic delays could be observed, which depended on both the irradiated volume and the applied dose: the smaller the irradiated volume and the higher the dose, the higher was the selective advantage of non-irradiated cells. For the purpose of biological dosimetry after partial body exposure, an extension of the lymphocyte culture time is suggested at least for doses ≥3.0 Gy of 200 kV X-rays and ≥0.5 Gy of <E _n>=2.1 MeV neutrons in order to prevent a systematic underestimation of cytogenetic damage.     

Differences in the reactivity of phthalic hydrazide and luminol with hydroxyl radicals

The reactivity of 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-phthalazine-1,4-dione (luminol) and phthalic hydrazide with hydroxyl radicals was studied. HO^·-radicals were generated by the Fenton reaction as well as by water radiolysis. Both luminol and phthalic hydrazide react with hydroxyl radicals under intense chemiluminescence (CL) emission. However, exclusively the CL arising from phthalic hydrazide oxidation can be quenched by competition (e.g. by the addition of carbohydrates), whereas luminol CL is enhanced.

The reactivities of both compounds with HO^·-radicals were further studied by time-resolved spectroscopy (pulse radiolysis), competition methods, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Whereas only slight differences were detectable by pulse radiolysis, the analysis of competition kinetics in the presence of p-nitroso-dimethylaniline (NDMA) gave a two-fold-enhanced reactivity for luminol (4.8 × 10⁹l mol^-1 s^-1) in comparison to phthalic hydrazide (2.0 × 10⁹l mol^-1s^-1).

NMR and mass spectrometric analyses revealed significant differences in the reactivity of HO^·-radicals: whereas in luminol solutions hydroxylation of the aromatic ring system predominated, hydroxylated products were not detectable upon irradiation of phthalic hydrazide. A hypothetical mechanism is proposed which may explain the observed differences.     

Identification and Genomic Localization of Autosomal sdY Locus in a Population of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Marine Biotechnology - The determination of sex in salmonid fishes is controlled by genetic mechanisms, with males being the heterogametic sex. The master sex-determining gene, the sexually...