Beitrag zur Biologie vonXenocopsychus ansorgei Hartert

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 7 Aufnahmen des Verfassers auf den Tafeln V und VI     

Beiträge zur Feinstruktur der Bakteriengeißeln

Zusammenfassung Bei Untersuchungen der Feinstruktur der Geißeln von E. coli konnte festgestellt werden, daß sie keine einfachen Fibrillen darstellen, sondern aus Untereinheiten zusammengesetzt sind, die sich schraubig zusammendrehen können. die Fibrillen haben einen perlschnurartigen Feinbau.Die Geißeln von Proteus vulgaris sind Fibrillen, die regelmäßige Feinstruktur besitzen und nicht mehr weiter unterteilt werden können. Die Filamente von Proteus vulgaris waren wegen ihrer Feinheit einer weiteren Analyse nicht zugänglich.     

Perspectives of reducing the deleterious effect of de-icing salt upon vegetation

Summary The protective effect of a nutrient solution upon young forest plants, seriously stressed by de-icing salt (NaCl) were investigated. The results show, that the adsorbed salt ions in the soil are already exchanged at low concentrations (2 bars), whilst plant survival and growth showed only at higher concentrations (10 bars) a significant optimum.     

The two kinds of free energy and the Bayesian revolution

The concept of free energy has its origins in 19th century thermodynamics, but has recently found its way into the behavioral and neural sciences, where it has been promoted for its wide applicability and has even been suggested as a fundamental principle of understanding intelligent behavior and brain function. We argue that there are essentially two different notions of free energy in current models of intelligent agency, that can both be considered as applications of Bayesian inference to the problem of action selection: one that appears when trading off accuracy and uncertainty based on a general maximum entropy principle, and one that formulates action selection in terms of minimizing an error measure that quantifies deviations of beliefs and policies from given reference models. The first approach provides a normative rule for action selection in the face of model uncertainty or when information processing capabilities are limited. The second approach directly aims to formulate the action selection problem as an inference problem in the context of Bayesian brain theories, also known as Active Inference in the literature. We elucidate the main ideas and discuss critical technical and conceptual issues revolving around these two notions of free energy that both claim to apply at all levels of decision-making, from the high-level deliberation of reasoning down to the low-level information processing of perception.