全文获取类型
收费全文 | 417篇 |
免费 | 43篇 |
专业分类
460篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 2篇 |
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 27篇 |
2020年 | 11篇 |
2019年 | 14篇 |
2018年 | 14篇 |
2017年 | 10篇 |
2016年 | 19篇 |
2015年 | 41篇 |
2014年 | 24篇 |
2013年 | 40篇 |
2012年 | 45篇 |
2011年 | 31篇 |
2010年 | 23篇 |
2009年 | 11篇 |
2008年 | 21篇 |
2007年 | 23篇 |
2006年 | 15篇 |
2005年 | 10篇 |
2004年 | 8篇 |
2003年 | 9篇 |
2002年 | 5篇 |
2001年 | 2篇 |
2000年 | 3篇 |
1999年 | 2篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1970年 | 3篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
1954年 | 3篇 |
1950年 | 1篇 |
1944年 | 2篇 |
1941年 | 1篇 |
1940年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有460条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
71.
H Moreau B Verhelst A Couloux E Derelle S Rombauts N Grimsley M Van Bel J Poulain M Katinka M Hohmann-Marriott G Piganeau P Rouze C Da Silva P Wincker Y Van de Peer K Vandapoele 《Genome biology》2012,13(8):R74-16
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Bathycoccus prasinos is an extremely small cosmopolitan marine green alga whose cells are covered with intricate spider's web patterned scales that develop within the Golgi cisternae before their transport to the cell surface. The objective of this work is to sequence and analyze its genome, and to present a comparative analysis with other known genomes of the green lineage. RESULTS: Its small genome of 15Mb consists of 19 chromosomes and lacks transposons. Although 70% of all B. prasinos genes share similarities with other Viridiplantae genes, up to 428 genes were probably acquired by horizontal gene transfer, mainly from other eukaryotes. Two chromosomes, one big and one small, are atypical, an unusual synapomorphic feature within the Mamiellales. Genes on these atypical outlier chromosomes show lower GC content and a significant fraction of putative horizontal gene transfer genes. Whereas the small outlier chromosome lacks colinearity with other Mamiellales and contains many unknown genes without homologs in other species, the big outlier shows a higher intron content, increased expression levels and a unique clustering pattern of housekeeping functionalities. Four gene families are highly expanded in B. prasinos, including sialyltransferases, sialidases, ankyrin repeats and zinc ion-binding genes, and we hypothesize that these genes are associated with the process of scale biogenesis. CONCLUSION: The minimal genomes of the Mamiellophyceae provide a baseline for evolutionary and functional analyses of metabolic processes in green plants. 相似文献
72.
Bram Van Moorter Darcy Visscher Simon Benhamou Luca Börger Mark S. Boyce Jean‐Michel Gaillard 《Oikos》2009,118(5):641-652
Despite its central place in animal ecology no general mechanistic movement model with an emergent home-range pattern has yet been proposed. Random walk models, which are commonly used to model animal movement, show diffusion instead of a bounded home range and therefore require special modifications. Current approaches for mechanistic modeling of home ranges apply only to a limited set of taxa, namely territorial animals and/or central place foragers. In this paper we present a more general mechanistic movement model based on a biased correlated random walk, which shows the potential for home-range behavior. The model is based on an animal tracking a dynamic resource landscape, using a biologically plausible two-part memory system, i.e. a reference- and a working-memory. Our results show that by adding these memory processes the random walker produces home-range behavior as it gains experience, which also leads to more efficient resource use. Interestingly, home-range patterns, which we assessed based on home-range overlap and increase in area covered with time, require the combined action of both memory components to emerge. Our model has the potential to predict home-range size and can be used for comparative analysis of the mechanisms shaping home-range patterns. 相似文献
73.
74.
Ann Hulsmans Bram Vanschoenwinkel Chris Pyke Bruce J. Riddoch Luc Brendonck 《Ecosystems》2008,11(1):89-100
Ecological and evolutionary processes in temporary rock pools operate within constraints imposed by their hydrologic regimes.
These shallow pools flood when seasonal rains accumulate on impermeable substrates. Despite the ecological importance of hydrologic
conditions for these ecosystems, we typically lack tools and empirical data required to understand the implications of hydrologic
variability and climate change for biotic populations and communities in these habitats. In this study, we developed a hydrologic
model to simulate rock pool hydrologic regimes based on rainfall, evapotranspiration, and basin geometry. The model was used
to investigate long-term patterns of seasonal and inter-annual variation in hydroregime. In addition, hydrologic conditions
associated with potential climate change scenarios were simulated and evaluated with respect to the biological requirements
of the anostracan Branchipodopsis wolfi. The model’s output for daily inundation matched with field observations with an overall accuracy of 85% and correctly estimated
complete hydroperiods with an overall accuracy of 70%. Simulations indicate large variation in individual hydroperiods (76–115%)
as well as in the number of hydroperiods per year (19–23%). Furthermore, this study suggests that climate change may significantly
alter the rock pool hydroregime. These findings confirm the hydrologic sensitivity of these ephemeral habitats to precipitation
patterns, and their potential sensitivity to future climate change. Modelling indicates that the suitability of average inundation
conditions for B. wolfi deteriorates significantly under future climate predictions. High levels of spatial and temporal variation in hydrologic
conditions are dominant features of these habitats and an essential consideration for understanding population and community-level
ecological processes. 相似文献
75.
Hao L Thein M Brust-Mascher I Civelekoglu-Scholey G Lu Y Acar S Prevo B Shaham S Scholey JM 《Nature cell biology》2011,13(7):790-798
Sensory cilia are assembled and maintained by kinesin-2-dependent intraflagellar transport (IFT). We investigated whether two Caenorhabditis elegans α- and β-tubulin isotypes, identified through mutants that lack their cilium distal segments, are delivered to their assembly sites by IFT. Mutations in conserved residues in both tubulins destabilize distal singlet microtubules. One isotype, TBB-4, assembles into microtubules at the tips of the axoneme core and distal segments, where the microtubule tip tracker EB1 is found, and localizes all along the cilium, whereas the other, TBA-5, concentrates in distal singlets. IFT assays, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis and modelling indicate that the continual transport of sub-stoichiometric numbers of these tubulin subunits by the IFT machinery can maintain sensory cilia at their steady-state length. 相似文献
76.
Tom Pinceel Bram Vanschoenwinkel Aline Waterkeyn Maarten P. M. Vanhove Adrian Pinder Brian V. Timms Luc Brendonck 《Hydrobiologia》2013,700(1):313-327
Australia, and especially South-Western Australia, is a diversity hotspot for large branchiopod crustaceans. A significant proportion of this diversity is found in the anostracans (Crustacea, Anostraca) and particularly in the diverse genus Branchinella with at least 34 species. Members of this genus are found exclusively in temporary aquatic habitats which are increasingly threatened by secondary salinization and other anthropogenic pressures. The development of adequate conservation strategies is therefore considered a priority. To define conservation units, however, thorough knowledge of the taxonomy and phylogenetic position of extant lineages is essential. We reconstructed a large scale phylogeny of the Australian Branchinella by analyzing the 16S mitochondrial gene of 31 presumed species, complemented with analysis of morphological structures holding taxonomic information. Results revealed the presence of at least three new cryptic species. On the other hand, some Branchinella lineages, surviving in environments subjected to contrasting selection regimes, appeared to be conspecific. This suggests substantial physiological plasticity or important adaptive variation present in some species, potentially enabling them to better cope with environmental change, such as secondary salinization. Overall, these results further illustrate the benefits of combining molecular markers and classic morphological taxonomy and phylogeny to assess biodiversity and define conservation units in cryptic groups. 相似文献
77.
Tom Pinceel Wouter Hawinkel Enya Wynants Luc Brendonck Bram Vanschoenwinkel 《Hydrobiologia》2017,798(1):141-149
Along with the development of nanotechnology, an increase in production and application of nanosized magnetite (Fe3O4) is expected. Though magnetite is considered relatively safe, information concerning potential hazards of synthetic magnetite nanoparticles with unique physico-chemical characteristics to aquatic organisms is still limited. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of nanosized (27.2 ± 9.8 nm) and bulk (144.2 ± 67.7 nm) magnetite particles to different life stages of the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna. In addition, phytotoxicity of the magnetite was evaluated using duckweed Lemna minor. The study did not reveal any statistically significant differences between the biological effects of nanosized and bulk magnetite particles. Both forms of magnetite induced very low toxicity (EC50 > 100 ppm) to D. magna and L. minor in the standard acute assays. However, it was demonstrated that at acutely subtoxic magnetite concentrations (10 and 100 ppm), the number of neonates hatched from D. magna ephippia was decreased. Moreover, short-term (48 h) exposure of neonate daphnids to these concentrations may significantly affect the long-term survival and reproductive potential of daphnids. These results indicate that substantial contamination of aquatic ecosystems by magnetite may disrupt the stability of cladoceran populations. 相似文献
78.
Sofie De Cooman Nathalie De Mey Bram BC Dewulf Rik Carette Thierry Deloof Maurice Sosnowski Andre M De Wolf Jan FA Hendrickx 《BMC anesthesiology》2008,8(1):1-6
Background
Current analgesics have drawbacks such as delays in acquisition, lag-times for effect, and side effects. We recently presented a preliminary report of a new analgesic method involving a two-minute sciatic nerve press, which resulted in immediate short-term relief of pain associated with dental and renal diseases. The present study investigated whether this technique was effective for pain associated with other disease types, and whether the relief was effective for up to one hour.Methods
This randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial was conducted in four hospitals in Anhui Province, China. Patients with pain were sequentially recruited by participating physicians during clinic visits, and 135 patients aged 15 – 80 years were enrolled. Dental disease patients included those with acute pulpitis and periapical abscesses. Renal disease patients included those with kidney infections and/or stones. Tumor patients included those with nose, breast, stomach and liver cancers, while Emergency Room patients had various pathologies. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a "sciatic nerve press" in which pressure was applied simultaneously to the sciatic nerves at the back of both thighs, or a "placebo press" in which pressure was applied to a parallel region on the front of the thighs. Each fist applied a pressure of 11 – 20 kg for 2 minutes. Patients rated their level of pain before and after the procedure.Results
The "sciatic nerve press" produced immediate relief of pain in all patient groups. Emergency patients reported a 43.5% reduction in pain (p < 0.001). Significant pain relief for dental, renal and tumor patients lasted for 60 minutes (p < 0.001). The peak pain relief occurred at the 10 – 20th minutes, and the relief decreased 47% by the 60th minutes.Conclusion
Two minutes of pressure on both sciatic nerves produced immediate significant short-term conduction analgesia. This technique is a convenient, safe and powerful method for the short-term treatment of clinical pain associated with a diverse range of pathologies.Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ACTRN012606000439549 相似文献79.
Caspases are enzymes belonging to a conserved family of cysteine-dependent aspartic-specific proteases that are involved in vital cellular processes and play a prominent role in apoptosis and inflammation. Determining all relevant protein substrates of caspases remains a challenging task. Over 1500 caspase substrates have been discovered in the human proteome according to published data and new substrates are discovered on a daily basis. To aid the discovery process we developed a caspase cleavage prediction method using the recently published curated MerCASBA database of experimentally determined caspase substrates and a Random Forest classification method. On both internal and external test sets, the ranking of predicted cleavage positions is superior to all previously developed prediction methods. The in silico predicted caspase cleavage positions in human proteins are available from a relational database: CaspDB. Our database provides information about potential cleavage sites in a verified set of all human proteins collected in Uniprot and their orthologs, allowing for tracing of cleavage motif conservation. It also provides information about the positions of disease-annotated single nucleotide polymorphisms, and posttranslational modifications that may modulate the caspase cleaving efficiency. 相似文献
80.
Development of vaccines in autoimmune diseases has received wide attention over the last decade. However, many vaccines showed limited clinical efficacy. To enhance vaccine efficacy in infectious diseases, biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have gained interest as antigen delivery systems. We investigated in mice whether antigen-encapsulated PLGA (poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA-TMC (N-trimethyl chitosan) or TMC-TPP (tri-polyphosphate) nanoparticles can also be used to modulate the immunological outcome after nasal vaccination. These three nanoparticles enhanced the antigen presentation by dendritic cells, as shown by increased in vitro and in vivo CD4(+) T-cell proliferation. However, only nasal PLGA nanoparticles were found to induce an immunoregulatory response as shown by enhanced Foxp3 expression in the nasopharynx associated lymphoid tissue and cervical lymph nodes. Nasal administration of OVA-containing PLGA particle resulted in functional suppression of an OVA-specific Th-1 mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, while TMC-TPP nanoparticles induced humoral immunity, which coincided with the enhanced generation of OVA-specific B-cells in the cervical lymph nodes. Intranasal treatment with Hsp70-mB29a peptide-loaded PLGA nanoparticles suppressed proteoglycan-induced arthritis, leading to a significant reduction of disease. We have uncovered a role for PLGA nanoparticles to enhance CD4(+) T-cell mediated immunomodulation after nasal application. The exploitation of this differential regulation of nanoparticles to modulate nasal immune responses can lead to innovative vaccine development for prophylactic or therapeutic vaccination in infectious or autoimmune diseases. 相似文献