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81.
82.
83.
Effect of temperature and temperature fluctuation on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of cattle manure 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
The influence of temperature, 50 and 60 degrees C, at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 20 and 10 days, on the performance of anaerobic digestion of cow manure has been investigated in completely stirred tank reactors (CSTRs). Furthermore, the effect of both daily downward and daily upward temperature fluctuations has been studied. In the daily downward temperature fluctuation regime the temperatures of each reactor was reduced by 10 degrees C for 10 h while in the daily upward fluctuation regime the temperature of each reactor was increased 10 degrees C for 5 h. The results show that the methane production rate at 60 degrees C is lower than that at 50 degrees C at all experimental conditions of imposed HRT except when downward temperature fluctuations were applied at an HRT of 10 days. It also was found that the free ammonia concentration not only affects the acetate-utilising bacteria but also the hydrolysis and acidification process. The upward temperature fluctuation affects the maximum specific methanogenesis activity more severely as compared to imposed downward temperature fluctuations. The results clearly reveal the possibility of using available solar energy at daytime to heat up the reactor(s) without the need of heat storage during nights, especially at an operational temperature of 50 degrees C and at a 20 days HRT, and without the jeopardising of the overheating. 相似文献
84.
Molecular and cellular control of T1/T2 immunity at the interface between antimicrobial defense and immune pathology 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The immune system evolved to rapidly recognize infectious threats and promptly mobilize cellular effectors to the infection site. Establishment of a robust T1-type immunity is a prerequisite for effective defense against most viruses and intracellular bacteria. However, accumulating evidence shows that T1 and T2 responses during such infections are not mutually exclusive. A possibility may be that the dual T1-T2 nature of antiviral immune responses is merely a byproduct of less than perfect crossregulatory mechanisms. Herein, we discuss molecular and cellular mechanisms of T-cell differentiation along with recent evidence supporting the hypothesis that rather than representing an epiphenomenon, coinduction of virus-specific T2 cells plays a significant homeostatic role. Thus, molecular pathways that regulate IL-4 production during influenza virus infection monitor T1-mediated immune responses in vital organs such as lungs and prevent immune pathology that may otherwise interfere with recovery from disease. Such evidence suggests that coinduction of T2 immunity maintains immune homeostasis during T1-mediated defense reactions. Finally, we outline implications on the earlier concept of T1/T2 dichotomy, supporting a model in which these two subsets, rather than being mutually antagonistic, together facilitate the recovery from infection. 相似文献
85.
Mongiat M Mungiguerra G Bot S Mucignat MT Giacomello E Doliana R Colombatti A 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2000,275(33):25471-25480
The primary structure of human Elastin microfibril interface-located protein (EMILIN), an elastic fiber-associated glycoprotein, consists of a globular C1q domain (gC1q) at the C terminus, a short collagenous stalk, a long region with a high potential for forming coiled-coil alpha helices, and a cysteine-rich N-terminal sequence. It is not known whether the EMILIN gC1q domain is involved in the assembly process and in the supramolecular organization as shown for the similar domain of collagen X. By employing the yeast two-hybrid system the EMILIN gC1q domains interacted with themselves, proving for the first time that this interaction occurs in vivo. The gC1q domain formed oligomers running as trimers in native gels that were less stable than the comparable trimers of the collagen X gC1q domain since they did not withstand heating. The collagenous domain was trypsin-resistant and migrated at a size corresponding to a triple helix under native conditions. In reducing agarose gels, EMILIN also migrated as a trimer, whereas under non-reducing conditions it formed polymers of many millions of daltons. A truncated fragment lacking gC1q and collagenous domains assembled to a much lesser extent, thus deducing that the C-terminal domain(s) are essential for the formation of trimers that finally assemble into large EMILIN multimers. 相似文献
86.
Ontogenic changes in the construction cost of leaves, stems fruits and roots of tomato plants 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The construction cost of a plant tissue, i.e. the amount of
photoassimilates used in the synthesis of a unit weight, varies with its
biochemical composition. Crop modellers use standard values published for a
few groups of cultivated species. Yet, there are also intraspecific
variations in the construction cost in relation with the development of the
plant or organ. This research aimed at analysing the ontogenic changes in
the construction cost of leaves, stems, roots, and fruits of tomato plants
and the specific contribution of the mineral content to these changes. For
that purpose, samples were harvested from the vegetative phase to the
beginning of fruit production. The estimation of the construction cost was
based on the contents of carbon, nitrogen and ash. In leaves, the
construction cost decreased with the physiological age whereas, in stem
internodes, it varied with the sympod number. These ontogenic changes could
partly be explained by different accumulations of minerals. In contrast,
the construction cost and the mineral content of fruits and roots remained
fairly stable. On a whole plant basis, the construction cost of the bulk of
each category of organs varied much less. Most of the increase in the mean
construction cost of the whole plant during the experiment was due to
changes in the allocation ratio between the vegetative parts and the
fruits. Attention of crop modellers is drawn to the importance of a precise
estimation of the construction cost and to the existence of ontogenic
changes at the whole plant and organ levels.Key words:
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., construction cost, mineral
content, ontogeny, carbon content
相似文献
87.
NaCl、Na_2SO_4和Na_2CO_3胁迫对小麦叶片自由基含量及质膜透性的比较研究 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
分别用浓度为25mmol/L、50mmol/L、100mmol/L和200mmol/L的NaCl、Na2SO4和Na2CO3的营养液培养小麦4d,较之不含盐的营养液,其自由基含量上升,产生速率增加,叶片质膜透性增加。不同盐的影响也不同,在低浓度时,NaCl的影响大于Na2SO4,高浓度时,NaCl影响小于Na2SO4,Na2CO3的影响最为显著。实验结果也表现出小麦叶片自由基含量和质膜透性呈现较好的相关性。因此可认为,盐胁迫促使自由基含量增加,自由基通过过氧化作用影响质膜透性,从而影响植物的生长。 相似文献
88.
89.
分别用浓度为25mmol/L、50mmol/L、100 mmol/L和200 MMOL/l的Nacl、Na2SO4和Na2CO3的营养液培养小麦4d,较之不含盐的营养液,其自由基含量上升,产生速率增加,叶片质膜透性增加。不同盐的影响也不同,在低浓度时,NaCl的影响大于Na2SO4,高浓度时,NaCl影响小于Na2CO3,Na2CO3的影响最为显著。实验结果也表现出小麦叶片自由基含量和质膜透性呈现较好的相关性。因此可认为,盐胁迫促使自由基含量增加,自由基通过过氧化作用影响质膜透性,从而影响植物的生长。 相似文献
90.
野生植物是自然生态系统的重要组成部分,中国是野生植物种类最丰富的国家之一。研究国家重点保护野生植物的分布特征、保护现状以及潜在分布区,对于制定与支持生物多样性保护策略具有重要意义。该研究基于1 032种(隶属于129科315属)国家重点保护野生植物,利用前5%丰富度算法识别其热点地区,并与自然保护区叠加评估其保护成效、确定保护空缺,进而运用MaxEnt模型预测了国家重点保护野生植物的潜在分布区分布与变化趋势。结果表明:(1)中国南部和西南部是国家重点保护野生植物物种丰富度最高的地区,尤其是四川中部、云南南部和东南部、广西北部、广东北部与海南。(2)热点网格的保护成效分析表明,171个(85.50%)热点网格得到了有效保护(含80.50%的物种),29个(14.50%)热点网格未得到自然保护区的保护(含51.20%物种)。(3)通过比较当前与未来气候变化下国家重点保护野生植物的潜在分布区分布,发现未来潜在分布区将向西藏东南部、广西西南部、广东南部以及福建南部等地扩张,而向环四川盆地、云南南部和贵州南部等地缩减。因此,需要加强这些区域生物多样性的动态监测,持续关注气候变化对该区域国家重点保护野生植物的影响。基于该研究所确定的热点网格、保护成效以及潜在分布区的分析结果,可为国家重点保护野生植物多样性优先保护区的确定和保护政策的制定提供有力的数据支持与参考。 相似文献