西藏色季拉山垂直植被带土壤细菌群落组成及功能潜势

研究青藏高原土壤微生物群落组成和功能的空间分布特征有助于深入理解典型高寒生态系统中土壤微生物的重要生态功能.本研究采用16S rDNA高通量测序方法,分析了西藏色季拉山4个不同海拔土壤细菌群落物种组成和功能潜势的变化特征及其驱动因子.结果 表明:随着海拔的升高,土壤细菌的丰富度和Shannon多样性指数显著降低;酸杆菌...     

Molecular and cellular control of T1/T2 immunity at the interface between antimicrobial defense and immune pathology

The immune system evolved to rapidly recognize infectious threats and promptly mobilize cellular effectors to the infection site. Establishment of a robust T1-type immunity is a prerequisite for effective defense against most viruses and intracellular bacteria. However, accumulating evidence shows that T1 and T2 responses during such infections are not mutually exclusive. A possibility may be that the dual T1-T2 nature of antiviral immune responses is merely a byproduct of less than perfect crossregulatory mechanisms. Herein, we discuss molecular and cellular mechanisms of T-cell differentiation along with recent evidence supporting the hypothesis that rather than representing an epiphenomenon, coinduction of virus-specific T2 cells plays a significant homeostatic role. Thus, molecular pathways that regulate IL-4 production during influenza virus infection monitor T1-mediated immune responses in vital organs such as lungs and prevent immune pathology that may otherwise interfere with recovery from disease. Such evidence suggests that coinduction of T2 immunity maintains immune homeostasis during T1-mediated defense reactions. Finally, we outline implications on the earlier concept of T1/T2 dichotomy, supporting a model in which these two subsets, rather than being mutually antagonistic, together facilitate the recovery from infection.     

Self-assembly and supramolecular organization of EMILIN

The primary structure of human Elastin microfibril interface-located protein (EMILIN), an elastic fiber-associated glycoprotein, consists of a globular C1q domain (gC1q) at the C terminus, a short collagenous stalk, a long region with a high potential for forming coiled-coil alpha helices, and a cysteine-rich N-terminal sequence. It is not known whether the EMILIN gC1q domain is involved in the assembly process and in the supramolecular organization as shown for the similar domain of collagen X. By employing the yeast two-hybrid system the EMILIN gC1q domains interacted with themselves, proving for the first time that this interaction occurs in vivo. The gC1q domain formed oligomers running as trimers in native gels that were less stable than the comparable trimers of the collagen X gC1q domain since they did not withstand heating. The collagenous domain was trypsin-resistant and migrated at a size corresponding to a triple helix under native conditions. In reducing agarose gels, EMILIN also migrated as a trimer, whereas under non-reducing conditions it formed polymers of many millions of daltons. A truncated fragment lacking gC1q and collagenous domains assembled to a much lesser extent, thus deducing that the C-terminal domain(s) are essential for the formation of trimers that finally assemble into large EMILIN multimers.     

Ontogenic changes in the construction cost of leaves, stems fruits and roots of tomato plants

The construction cost of a plant tissue, i.e. the amount of photoassimilates used in the synthesis of a unit weight, varies with its biochemical composition. Crop modellers use standard values published for a few groups of cultivated species. Yet, there are also intraspecific variations in the construction cost in relation with the development of the plant or organ. This research aimed at analysing the ontogenic changes in the construction cost of leaves, stems, roots, and fruits of tomato plants and the specific contribution of the mineral content to these changes. For that purpose, samples were harvested from the vegetative phase to the beginning of fruit production. The estimation of the construction cost was based on the contents of carbon, nitrogen and ash. In leaves, the construction cost decreased with the physiological age whereas, in stem internodes, it varied with the sympod number. These ontogenic changes could partly be explained by different accumulations of minerals. In contrast, the construction cost and the mineral content of fruits and roots remained fairly stable. On a whole plant basis, the construction cost of the bulk of each category of organs varied much less. Most of the increase in the mean construction cost of the whole plant during the experiment was due to changes in the allocation ratio between the vegetative parts and the fruits. Attention of crop modellers is drawn to the importance of a precise estimation of the construction cost and to the existence of ontogenic changes at the whole plant and organ levels.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., construction cost, mineral content, ontogeny, carbon content      

NaCl、Na2 SO4 和Na2GO3 胁迫对小麦叶片自由基含量及质膜透性的比较研究

 分别用浓度为25mmol／L、50mmol／L、100 mmol／L和200 MMOL／l的Nacl、Na2SO4和Na2CO3的营养液培养小麦4d,较之不含盐的营养液,其自由基含量上升,产生速率增加,叶片质膜透性增加。不同盐的影响也不同,在低浓度时,NaCl的影响大于Na2SO4,高浓度时,NaCl影响小于Na2CO3,Na2CO3的影响最为显著。实验结果也表现出小麦叶片自由基含量和质膜透性呈现较好的相关性。因此可认为,盐胁迫促使自由基含量增加,自由基通过过氧化作用影响质膜透性,从而影响植物的生长。     

国家重点保护野生植物的保护现状及潜在分布区预测分析

野生植物是自然生态系统的重要组成部分,中国是野生植物种类最丰富的国家之一。研究国家重点保护野生植物的分布特征、保护现状以及潜在分布区,对于制定与支持生物多样性保护策略具有重要意义。该研究基于1 032种(隶属于129科315属)国家重点保护野生植物,利用前5%丰富度算法识别其热点地区,并与自然保护区叠加评估其保护成效、确定保护空缺,进而运用MaxEnt模型预测了国家重点保护野生植物的潜在分布区分布与变化趋势。结果表明:(1)中国南部和西南部是国家重点保护野生植物物种丰富度最高的地区,尤其是四川中部、云南南部和东南部、广西北部、广东北部与海南。(2)热点网格的保护成效分析表明,171个(85.50%)热点网格得到了有效保护(含80.50%的物种),29个(14.50%)热点网格未得到自然保护区的保护(含51.20%物种)。(3)通过比较当前与未来气候变化下国家重点保护野生植物的潜在分布区分布,发现未来潜在分布区将向西藏东南部、广西西南部、广东南部以及福建南部等地扩张,而向环四川盆地、云南南部和贵州南部等地缩减。因此,需要加强这些区域生物多样性的动态监测,持续关注气候变化对该区域国家重点保护野生植物的影响。基于该研究所确定的热点网格、保护成效以及潜在分布区的分析结果,可为国家重点保护野生植物多样性优先保护区的确定和保护政策的制定提供有力的数据支持与参考。     

向日葵ACC氧化酶基因(HaACO1)的克隆及表达分析

目的:克隆向日葵中的ACC氧化酶基因(HaACO1),并对其进行生物信息学分析及盐胁迫表达分析,为理解向日葵ACC氧化酶生理功能并加强对ACO基因的利用奠定基础。方法:以前期从盐胁迫的内葵杂4号根中获得的ACC氧化酶基因片段4-4-7TDF(KM823963)为基础,通过RT-PCR和5'/3'RACE技术克隆ACO基因的全长cDNA序列,利用生物信息学软件对获得的cDNA序列及编码的蛋白质序列进行分析。同时采用PCR方法克隆基因组DNA(genemic DNA,gDNA)序列,并对其进行结构分析。利用实时荧光定量PCR分析Na Cl胁迫下向日葵根、下胚轴、叶中HaACO1的表达量和不同NaCl浓度及不同胁迫时间下根中Ha ACO1的表达量。结果:Ha ACO1的cDNA序列全长为1 135bp,其开放阅读框为942bp,编码313个氨基酸。预测其分子质量和等电点分别为35.84k Da和5.13,基因登录号为KP966508。HaACO1与已报道的多种植物的ACO基因核苷酸序列及其推导的氨基酸序列有较高的相似性,分别为76%~83%和77%~88%。gDNA起始密码子至终止密码子序列长1 018bp,包含2个外显子和1个内含子,基因登录号为KP988289。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明向日葵HaACO1在不同器官及不同NaCl浓度、不同时间诱导下存在特异性表达差异。结论:获得的向日葵HaACO1是植物ACO家族成员之一,该基因应答盐胁迫具有独特的表达模式。     

食用菌超细粉免疫调节和抗氧化功能研究

以糙皮侧耳、双孢蘑菇、金针菇、3个黑木耳品种、3个香菇品种为材料,通过测定小鼠体重、免疫器官重量、细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、单核-巨噬细胞的吞噬功能、血清及肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、肝脏中白介素-6、丙二醛等指标进行小鼠免疫功能的评价研究。结果表明:"四川青川"香菇、"北神奇1号"黑木耳和"黑龙江黑29"黑木耳能显著增强小鼠的细胞免疫功能;糙皮侧耳、"辽宁恒仁"香菇、金针菇、"北神奇1号"黑木耳、"黑龙江黑29"黑木耳均能显著促进小鼠单核吞噬细胞的吞噬能力,增强小鼠机体的免疫力;糙皮侧耳、"四川青川"香菇、"辽宁恒仁"香菇、金针菇和"黑龙江黑29"黑木耳具有提高小鼠肝脏中白介素-6含量的作用;双孢蘑菇、"福建古田"香菇、"辽宁恒仁"香菇、金针菇增加小鼠血清溶血素水平,具有显著的特异性体液免疫增强作用。此外,双孢蘑菇、金针菇、"北神奇1号"黑木耳、"吉林黑29"黑木耳均可显著提高血清和肝脏中的GSH-PX活性;糙皮侧耳能提高小鼠血清中和肝脏中SOD活性;从而达到清除自由基和抗氧化损伤的作用。综合上述结果,9种食用菌超细粉均具有显著增强小鼠免疫调节能力和抗氧化作用,为食用菌功能食品产品开发利用提供支撑。     

西瓜炭疽病菌圆刺盘孢分生孢子产生条件的研究

为研究圆刺盘孢Colletotrichum orbiculare的分生孢子产生条件,通过改变培养基的成分、理化性状及培养条件等方法,进行了诱导产孢试验,并对所产生的分生孢子量进行测定。结果表明,C.orbiculare在西瓜茎叶煎汁培养基上25℃恒温黑暗培养30d可产生大量分生孢子,产孢量高达7.15×109个/m L。在显微镜下观察发现,病菌在西瓜茎叶煎汁培养基上和在西瓜茎秆病斑上产生的分生孢子在形态上存在差异,前者产生的分生孢子稍短和略宽,两端钝圆;而后者产生的分生孢子相对长而细,两端较尖。试验证明寄主西瓜茎叶成分对病菌分生孢子的产生具有明显促进作用。