A case with unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury in branchial cyst surgery

ABSTRACT: An 11 years old boy came, with complain of mild dysarthria. Examination revealed marked hemiatrophy of left side of the tongue. Five months back he underwent ipsilateral branchial cyst operation. To our knowledge, no case was reported. After branchial cyst operation if there is any residual remnant chance of recurrence is very high.     

Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade in coronary artery disease

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors represent a new promising class of antiplatelet medications. Their use in acute coronary syndromes and for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention has been the subject of a number of large controlled trials using both the intravenous and the oral forms. In this review, we present a systematic overview of these trials.     

Homogeneous oxidative coupling catalysts: stoichiometry and characterization of the first stable oxotetranuclear solids [(Pip)nCuX]4O2 (n=1 or 2, Pip=piperidine, X=Cl, Br, I)

Copper(I) halides react quantitatively with piperidine (Pip) in dioxygen-free methylene chloride or nitrobenzene to form tetranuclear copper(I) complexes [(Pip)_nCuX]₄; n=1 or 2, X=Cl, Br or I. These complexes are very soluble and completely reduce dioxygen to dioxo bridging ligand, with stoichiometry, Δ[Cu(I)]/Δ[O₂]=4.0. The stable oxo solids [(Pip)_nCuX]₄O₂ mimic tyrosinase copper protein. They act as a homogeneous oxidative coupling catalysts for phenols. Electronic transition spectra in the near infrared with high molecular absorptivity are diagnostic for tetranuclear “Cu₄X₄” core structure. The electronic transitions are more likely due to charge transfer between a minimum of three halo ligands and copper(II) center. The room temperature EPR spectra of [(Pip)_nCuX]₄O₂ in methylene chloride are isotropic with four hyperfine lines. The room temperature solid-state EPR spectra of [PipCuX]₄O₂ show an axial spectra with d_x²−y² ground state, suggesting square pyramidal arrangement of the five coordinated ligands around copper(II) centers. Cyclic voltammetry measurements show that they are more likely irreversible in character and show slight quasi-reversability when X=Br or I. Constant potential electrolysis indicate that the number of electrons consumed are equal to four electrons which will be due to the reduction of four copper(II) to copper(I).     

Synthesis of chloromethyl ketone derivatives of fatty acids. Their use as specific inhibitors of acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase, cholesterol biosynthesis and fatty acid synthesis.

A general route for the synthesis of chloromethyl ketone derivatives of fatty acids is described. 5-Chloro-4-oxopentanoic acid, 7-chloro-6-oxoheptanoic acid, 9-chloro-8-oxononanoic acid and 11-chloro-10-oxoundecanoic acid were synthesized by this method and tested as covalent inhibitors of pig heart acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase. The K1 decreased by approx. 20-fold for each pair of methylenes added to the chain length, showing that the initial stage in inhibitor binding occurs at a non-polar region of the protein. This region is probably located at the enzyme active site, since inhibition was prevented by acetoacetyl-CoA or acetyl-CoA but not by CoA. The site of modification by chloromethyl ketone derivatives of fatty acids is restricted to a thiol group, since inactivation of the enzyme was prevented by reversible thiomethylation of the active-site thiol. In contrast, an amino-directed reagent, citraconic anhydride, still inactivated the enzyme, even when the active-site thiol was protected. Evidence that the enzyme thiol was particularly reactive came from studies on the pH-dependence of the alkylation reaction and thiol-competition experiments. Inhibition of the enzyme proceeded suprisingly well at acidic pH values and a 10(5) molar excess of external thiol over active-site thiol was required to prevent inhibition by 0.3 mM-9-chloro-8-oxononanoic acid. In addition to inhibiting isolated acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, in hepatocytes the chloromethyl ketone derivatives of fatty acids also inhibited chloresterol synthesis, which uses this enzyme as an early step in the biosynthetic pathway. In isolated cells, the chloromethyl ketone derivatives of fatty acids were considerably less specific in their inhibitory action compared with 3-acetylenic derivatives of fatty acids, which act as suicide inhibitors of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase. However, 9-chloro-8-oxononanoic acid was also an effective inhibitor of both hepatic cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in mice in vivo, whereas the acetylenic fatty acid derivative, dec-3-ynoic acid, was completely ineffective. The effective inhibitory dose of 9-chloro-8-oxononanoic acid (2.5-5 mg/kg) was substantially lower than the estimated LD50 for the inhibitor (100 mg/kg).     

Microlunatus cavernae sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from Alu ancient cave, Yunnan, south-west China

A Gram-positive, coccoid, non-endospore-forming actinobacterium, designated YIM C01117^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Alu ancient cave, Yunnan province, south-west China. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain YIM C01117^T was shown to belong to the genus Microlunatus, with highest sequence similarity of 97.4 % to Microlunatus soli DSM 21800^T. The whole genomic DNA relatedness as shown by the DNA–DNA hybridization study between YIM C01117^T and M. soli DSM 21800^T had a low value (47 ± 2 %). Strain YIM C01117^T was determined to contain LL-diaminopimelic acid with Gly, Glu and Ala amino acids (A3γ′ type) in the cell wall. Whole-cell hydrolysates were found to contain glucose, galactose, mannose and ribose. The major polar lipids were determined to be phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant menaquinone system present is MK-9(H₄), while the major fatty acids were identified to be anteiso-C_15:0 (24.1 %), iso-C_16:0 (22.3 %) and iso-C_15:0 (11.4 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 65.9 mol%. The chemotaxonomic and genotypic data support the affiliation of the strain YIM C01117^T to the genus Microlunatus. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allow strain YIM C01117^T to be differentiated phenotypically from recognized Microlunatus species. Strain YIM C01117^T is therefore considered to represent a novel species of the genus Microlunatus, for which the name Microlunatus cavernae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM C01117^T (= DSM 26248^T = JCM 18536^T).     

Benzoylarginine peptidase and iminopeptidase profiles ofTreponema denticola strains isolated from the human periodontal pocket

Seven clinical isolates and the ATCC strain 35405 ofTreponema denticola, obtained from human periodontal pockets, were studied for peptidase activity with several chromogenic compounds as substrates. The cell sonicates of all strains hydrolyzed phenylazobenzyloxycarbonyl-l-prolyl-l-leucyl-glycyl-l-prolyl-d-arginine (a collagenase substrate), azocasein, and the 2-naphthylamines ofl-proline,l-hydroxyproline,l-pyrrolidine, and benzoyl-l-arginine, but the rates of hydrolysis varied considerably from strain to strain. Fast protein liquid chromatography on gel and anion exchange columns revealed further biochemical differences between the strains. The ATCC strain consistently produced several proline iminopeptidases, whereas four of the clinical isolates yielded high and three yielded low iminopeptidase activity. The ATCC strain and six clinical isolates displayed high benzoylarginine peptidase activity. The use ofN-l-prolyl-2-naphthylamine as substrate revealed more differences between the strains than other substrates. The substrate specificity of the enzymes discovered suggests that they may be important for the nutrition of the organism or in the protection of the organism against chemical defense factors present in the gingival pocket.     

Epidemiological profile of patients hospitalized with candiduria in the Central-Western region of Brazil

BackgroundCandida yeasts are considered the main agents of nosocomial fungal infections.AimsThis study aimed to establish the epidemiological profile of patients with candiduria hospitalized in the capital of the State of Mato Grosso, in the Central-Western region of Brazil.MethodsPatients from three private hospitals and a public hospital participated in the study. This was an observational and cross-sectional study including analysis of patients mortality. It was carried out from March to August 2015.ResultsA total of 93 patients with candiduria were evaluated. Candida tropicalis was found most commonly (37.6%; n = 35), followed by Candida albicans (36.6%; n = 34), Candida glabrata (19.3%; n = 18), psilosis complex (4.3%; n = 4), Candida lusitaniae (1.1%; n = 1) and Candida krusei (1.1%; n = 1). Antibiotic therapy (100%) and the use of an indwelling urinary catheter (89.2%; n = 83) were the most frequent predisposing factors. Antifungal treatment was given to 65.6% of the patients, and anidulafungin was the most used antifungal. Mortality rates were 48% higher among patients with candiduria who had renal failure. Micafungin was the antifungal most prescribed among the patients who died. Candidemia concomitant with candiduria occurred in eight (8.6%; n = 8) cases. Considering the species recovered in the blood and urine, only one patient had genetically distinct clinical isolates.ConclusionsNon-C. albicans Candida species were predominant, with C. tropicalis being the most responsible for most cases of candiduria.     

High resolution crystal structures of human kynurenine aminotransferase‐I bound to PLP cofactor,and in complex with aminooxyacetate

In this study, we report two high‐resolution structures of the pyridoxal 5′ phosphate (PLP)‐dependent enzyme kynurenine aminotransferase‐I (KAT‐I). One is the native structure with the cofactor in the PLP form bound to Lys247 with the highest resolution yet available for KAT‐I at 1.28 Å resolution, and the other with the general PLP‐dependent aminotransferase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate (AOAA) covalently bound to the cofactor at 1.54 Å. Only small conformational differences are observed in the vicinity of the aldimine (oxime) linkage with which the PLP forms the Schiff base with Lys247 in the 1.28 Å resolution native structure, in comparison to other native PLP‐bound structures. We also report the inhibition of KAT‐1 by AOAA and aminooxy‐phenylpropionic acid (AOPP), with IC50s of 13.1 and 5.7 μM, respectively. The crystal structure of the enzyme in complex with the inhibitor AOAA revealed that the cofactor is the PLP form with the external aldimine linkage. The location of this oxime with the PLP, which forms in place of the native internal aldimine linkage of PLP of the native KAT‐I, is away from the position of the native internal aldimine, with the free Lys247 substantially retaining the orientation of the native structure. Tyr101, at the active site, was observed in two conformations in both structures.