Damaging Effect of Antibiotics on the Structure of Synaptonemal Complexes of Meiotic Mouse Chromosomes

The structure of synaptonemal complexes (SCs) of chromosomes of mouse primary spermatocytes were studied using electron microscopy on days 1, 10, and 36 after the completion of per os administration of drugs belonging to three groups of antibiotics: tetracyclins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. The antibiotics were administered to mice during ten days. At the substages of early and middle pachytene, heteromorphic SC bivalents and fragments of chromosome-core elements were detected in spermatocytes at all times studied after the administration of the antibiotics of three groups. As cells passed through the period from early to middle pachytene, the number of cells containing heteromorphic SC bivalents and the fragments of axial cores gradually decreased, which could be an indication of selection of cells with chromosomal aberrations. A high level of associations between the X chromosome and autosome bivalents (including heteromorphic ones) also favors this suggestion. A gradual decrease in the number of chromosomal aberrations was detected, as time elapsed from the completion of antibiotics administration. The study of sperm obtained from epididymises of males did not reveal significant differences in both morphology and motility of sperm between males of the control and experimental groups.     

''Molten-globule'' state accumulates in carbonic anhydrase folding

Binding characteristics of [3H]BAY K 8644, a new class of pharmacologically potent compounds, the calcium channel activating dihydropyridines (DHP), were demonstrated in cultured myocardial cells. [3H]BAY K 8644 exhibited reversible and saturable binding to myocytes, and specific binding was Ca2+-dependent. The equilibrium dissociation constant, Kd, was 35.2 nM, and maximal binding capacity, Bmax, was 1.07 pmol/mg protein. Binding of the 3H-ligand was highly specific for various potently displacing DHP derivatives (either the calcium channel activating BAY K 8644, or the Ca2+ entry blockers of the nifedipine type) with inhibition constants (Ki values) in the nanomolar range. BAY K 8644, on the other hand, showed very low affinity to other receptors tested in brain and heart membranes. Displacement potency of BAY K 8644 correlated well with data of the functional pharmacology; e.g., the enhanced myocardial contractility. Results from competition studies using [3H]BAY K 8644 and [3H]nimodipine support the conclusion that both the channel activating and inhibiting DHP structures interact with the same specific receptor site that might be associated with the putative Ca2+-channel.     

A non-JA producing oxophytodienoate reductase functions in salicylic acid-mediated antagonism with jasmonic acid during pathogen attack

Peroxisome-localized oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductases (OPR) are enzymes converting 12-OPDA into jasmonic acid (JA). However, the biochemical and physiological functions of the cytoplasmic non-JA producing OPRs remain largely unknown. Here, we generated Mutator-insertional mutants of the maize OPR2 gene and tested its role in resistance to pathogens with distinct lifestyles. Functional analyses showed that the opr2 mutants were more susceptible to the (hemi)biotrophic pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola and Ustilago maydis, but were more resistant to the necrotrophic fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Hormone profiling revealed that increased susceptibility to C. graminicola was associated with decreased salicylic acid (SA) but increased JA levels. Mutation of the JA-producing lipoxygenase 10 (LOX10) reversed this phenotype in the opr2 mutant background, corroborating the notion that JA promotes susceptibility to this pathogen. Exogenous SA did not rescue normal resistance levels in opr2 mutants, suggesting that this SA-inducible gene is the key downstream component of the SA-mediated defences against C. graminicola. Disease assays of the single and double opr2 and lox10 mutants and the JA-deficient opr7opr8 mutants showed that OPR2 negatively regulates JA biosynthesis, and that JA is required for resistance against C. heterostrophus. Overall, this study uncovers a novel function of a non-JA producing OPR as a major negative regulator of JA biosynthesis during pathogen infection, a function that leads to its contrasting contribution to either resistance or susceptibility depending on pathogen lifestyle.     

Divergence of axon collaterals of substantia nigra neurons in the rat forebrain: Double labeling with fluorochromes and horseradish peroxidase

Sources of divergent and nondivergent pathways from the substantia nigra in the forebrain were studied in experiments on rats by the method of retrograde axonal transport of luminescent dyes and horseradish peroxidase. Two ascending projection systems were demonstrated. The first is characterized by marked divergence of axon collaterals on the caudato-putamen of both hemispheres, and the caudato-putamen and globus pallidus, and caudato-putamen and nucleus accumbens of the homonymous hemisphere. The second projection system runs into the thalamus and does not form axon collaterals in striatal structures.     

Pathways for transmission of visual and auditory information to the cat caudate nucleus

Visual and auditory projections to the cat caudate nucleus were investigated using the horseradish peroxidase retrograde axonal transport technique in conjunction with that of experimental degeneration of retinal axons. It was found that visual information may reach the caudate nucleus not just through well-known polysynaptic pathways from the cerebral cortex but also following oligosynaptic (transpulvinar, lateroposterior nucleus, suprageniculate nucleus, and nucleus limitans of the thalamus) as well as bisynaptic pathways (via the medial and lateral terminal nuclei of the accessory optical tract, pulvinar, pretectum, intermediary layer of the superior colliculus, and the supraoptic nucleus); some of these pathways were identified for the first time. Direct retinal inputs were found in the suprageniculate nucleus. Additional structures were discovered through which auditory information may reach the caudate nucleus, i.e., the dorsal nucleus of the parvocellular portion of the lateral geniculate body, the deep-lying superior colliculus, and the dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. The physiological significance of the pathways described for possible transmission of visual and auditory impulses is discussed and a new principle underlining the organization of sensory inputs into the caudate nucleus is put forward.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 512–520, July–August, 1987.     

Design and Analysis of a Mutant form of the Ice-Binding Protein from Choristoneura fumiferana

The Protein Journal - Ice-binding proteins are expressed in the cells of some cold adapted organisms, helping them to survive at extremely low temperatures. One of the problems in studying such...