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91.
92.
Testing transgenes for insect resistance using Arabidopsis 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Santos Michael O. Adang Michael J. All John N. Boerma H. Roger Parrott Wayne A. 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》1997,3(3):183-194
One possible strategy to delay the selection of resistant insect populations is the pyramiding of multiple resistance genes into a single cultivar. However, the transformation of most major crops remains prohibitively expensive if a large number of transgene combinations are to be evaluated. Arabidopsis thaliana is a potentially good plant for such preliminary evaluations. We determined that four major agricultural pests, Spodoptera exigua, Helicoverpa zea, Pseudoplusia includens, and Heliothis virescens grew as well when feeding on Landsberg Erecta Arabidopsis as they did on plants of Cobb soybean. Landsberg Erecta was then transformed with either a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis cryIA(c) gene, or the cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene. Transformed plants were crossed to produce plants transgenic for both genes. Following quantification of transgene expression, the four caterpillar species were allowed to feed on wild-type plants, plants expressing either cryIA(c) or the cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene, or plants expressing both. Both genes reduced growth of the species tested, but cryIA(c) was more effective in controlling caterpillar growth than the cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene. The resistance of plants with both transgenes was lower than that of plants expressing the cryIA(c) gene alone, but higher than that of plants expressing the only the CpTI gene. This could be due to a lower concentration of Cry protein in the hemizygous F1 plants. Thus, if the cowpea trypsin inhibitor had any potentiation effect on cryIA(c), this effect was less than the cryIA(c) copy number effect. Alternatively, expression of the trypsin inhibitor gene could be antagonistic to the function of the cryIA(c) gene. Either way, these results suggest that the combined use of these two genes may not be effective. 相似文献
93.
Taxonomy lies at the heart of species conservation, yet many large New Zealand orthopterans remain undescribed. Among New Zealand’s anostostomatid wētā, Hemiandrus (ground wētā) is the most speciose genus but also the most poorly characterised and thus most in need of taxonomic and ecological work. Here we redescribe H. maculifrons and describe two new species of ground wētā previously encompassed by the specific name Hemiandrus maculifrons: Hemiandrus luna sp. nov. and H. brucei sp. nov. We also describe a morphologically similar and related species, Hemiandrus nox sp. nov.
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:71EA0879-A2F9-46B2-A105-E97A9AB25061
http://zoobank.org/References/71EA0879-A2F9-46B2-A105-E97A9AB25061 相似文献
94.
María Moreno-Villanueva Ragen Pfeiffer Thilo Sindlinger Alan Leake Marcus Müller Thomas BL Kirkwood Alexander Bürkle 《BMC biotechnology》2009,9(1):39-9
Background
Formation and repair of DNA single-strand breaks are important parameters in the assessment of DNA damage and repair occurring in live cells. The 'Fluorimetric Detection of Alkaline DNA Unwinding (FADU)' method [Birnboim HC, Jevcak JJ. Cancer Res (1981) 41:1889–1892] is a sensitive procedure to quantify DNA strand breaks, yet it is very tedious to perform. 相似文献95.
S. Zhu C. A. Saski H. R. Boerma J. P. Tomkins J. N. All W. A. Parrott 《Plant Molecular Biology Reporter》2009,27(2):229-235
Positional cloning of an insect-resistance quantitative trait locus (QTL) requires the construction of a large-insert genomic
DNA library from insect-resistant genotypes. To facilitate cloning of a major defoliating insect-resistance QTL on linkage
group M of the soybean genetic map, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library for PI 229358 was constructed and characterized.
The HindIII BAC library contains 55,296 clones with an average insert size 131 kb. This library represents a 6-fold soybean haploid
genome equivalents, allowing a 99.8% probability of recovering any specific sequence of interest in soybean. BAC filters were
screened with a genomic DNA probe Sat_258sc2 obtained through genome walking from flanking sequences of a simple sequence
repeat (SSR) marker, Sat_258, which links to the insect-resistance QTL. Thirteen BAC clones were identified positive for Sat_258sc2,
and two of them were confirmed to carry Sat_258. The results suggest that this library is useful in positional cloning of
the major insect-resistance QTL, and the approach presented here can be used to screen a BAC library for a SSR marker without
requiring the creation of BAC pools. 相似文献
96.
97.
Genetic transformation, recovery, and characterization of fertile soybean transgenic for a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis cryIAc gene. 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6 下载免费PDF全文
C N Stewart Jr M J Adang J N All H R Boerma G Cardineau D Tucker W A Parrott 《Plant physiology》1996,112(1):121-129
Somatic embryos of jack, a Glycine max (L.) Merrill cultivar, were transformed using microprojectile bombardment with a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein gene (Bt cryIAc) driven by the 35S promoter and linked to the HPH gene. Approximately 10 g of tissue was bombarded, and three transgenic lines were selected on hygromycin-containing media and converted into plants. The recovered lines contained the HPH gene, but the Bt gene was lost in one line. The plasmid was rearranged in the second line, and the third line had two copies, one of which was rear-ranged. The CryIAc protein accumulated up to 46 ng mg-1 extractable protein. In detached-leaf bioassays, plants with an intact copy of the Bt gene, and to a lesser extent those with the rearranged copy, were protected from damage from corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens), and velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis). Corn earworm produced less than 3% defoliation on transgenic plants, compared with 20% on the lepidopteran-resistant breeding line GatIR81-296, and more than 40% on susceptible cultivars. Unlike previous reports of soybean transformation using this technique, all plants were fertile. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a soybean transgenic for a highly expressed insecticidal gene. 相似文献
98.
Bard JB 《Cell communication and signaling : CCS》2011,9(1):30-6
The evolutionary synthesis, the standard 20th century view of how evolutionary change occurs, is based on selection, heritable phenotypic variation and a very simple view of genes. It is therefore unable to incorporate two key aspects of modern molecular knowledge: first is the richness of genomic variation, so much more complicated than simple mutation, and second is the opaque relationship between the genotype and its resulting phenotype. Two new and important books shed some light on how we should view evolutionary change now. Evolution: a view from the 21 st century by J.A. Shapiro (2011, FT Press Science, New Jersey, USA. pp. 246. $34.99.) examines the richness of genomic variation and its implications. Transformations of Lamarckism: from Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology edited by S.B. Gissis &; E. Jablonka (2011, MIT Press, Cambridge, USA. pp. 457) includes some 40 papers that anyone with an interest in the history of evolutionary thought and the relationship between the environment and the genome will want to read. This review discusses both books within the context of contemporary evolutionary thinking and points out that neither really comes to terms with today's key systems-biology question: how does mutation-induced variation in a molecular network generate variation in the resulting phenotype? 相似文献
99.
Hosseinpoor AR Stewart Williams J Amin A Araujo de Carvalho I Beard J Boerma T Kowal P Naidoo N Chatterji S 《PloS one》2012,7(4):e34799
Background
Women and men share similar health challenges yet women report poorer health. The study investigates the social determinants of self-reported health in women and men, and male-female differences in health.Methods
Data on 103154 men and 125728 women were analysed from 57 countries in the World Health Survey 2002–2004. Item Response Theory was used to construct a composite measure of health. Associations between health and determinants were assessed using multivariate linear regression. Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition partitioned the inequality in health between women and men into an “explained" component that arises because men and women differ in social and economic characteristics, and an “unexplained" component due to the differential effects of these characteristics. Decomposition was repeated for 18 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) African region and 19 countries in the WHO European region.Results
Women''s health was significantly lower than men''s. Health was associated with education, household economic status, employment, and marital status after controlling for age. In the pooled analysis decomposition showed that 30% of the inequality was “explained", of which almost 75% came from employment, education, marital status. The differential effects of being in paid employment increased the inequality. When countries in Africa and Europe were compared, the “explained" component (31% and 39% respectively) was largely attributed to the social determinants in the African countries and to women''s longevity in the European countries. Being in paid employment had a greater positive effect on the health of males in both regions.Conclusions
Ways in which age and the social determinants contribute to the poorer health status of women compared with men varies between groups of countries. This study highlights the need for action to address social structures, institutional discrimination and harmful gender norms and roles that differently influence health with ageing. 相似文献100.
Among the eight naturally occurring vitamin E analogs, γ-tocotrienol (GT3) is a particularly potent radioprophylactic agent in vivo. Moreover, GT3 protects endothelial cells from radiation injury not only by virtue of its antioxidant properties but also by inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and by improving the availability of the nitric oxide synthase cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms underlying the superior radioprotective properties of GT3 compared with other tocols are not known. This study, therefore, examined the differences in gene expression profiles between GT3 and its tocopherol counterpart, γ-tocopherol, as well as between GT3 and α-tocopherol in human endothelial cells. Cells were treated with vehicle or the appropriate tocol for 24 h, after which total RNA was isolated and genome-wide gene expression profiles were obtained using the Illumina platform. GT3 was far more potent in inducing gene-expression changes than α-tocopherol or γ-tocopherol. In particular, GT3 induced multiple changes in pathways known to be of importance in the cellular response to radiation exposure. Affected GO functional clusters included response to oxidative stress, response to DNA damage stimuli, cell cycle phase, regulation of cell death, regulation of cell proliferation, hematopoiesis, and blood vessel development. These results form the basis for further studies to determine the exact importance of differentially affected GO functional clusters in endothelial radioprotection by GT3.