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201.
Background
We recently observed an association of resistance with a certain enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) serotypes and identified a conjugative plasmid, similar to plasmid pED208, that was conserved among archival O111:H2/NM and O119:H2 strains of diverse geographical origin. In this study, we sought to determine the prevalence and distribution of this plasmid among a collection of EPEC isolates from Brazil, as well as to study the susceptibilities of these isolates to antimicrobial agents. 相似文献202.
203.
Production of the compatible solute glycine betaine from its precursors choline or glycine betaine aldehyde confers a considerable
level of tolerance against high osmolarity stress to the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The glycine betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase GbsA is an integral part of the osmoregulatory glycine betaine synthesis pathway.
We strongly overproduced this enzyme in an Escherichia coli strain that expressed a plasmid-encoded gbsA gene under T7φ10 control. The recombinant GbsA protein was purified 23-fold to apparent homogeneity by fractionated ammonium
sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose, and subsequent hydrophobic interaction chromatography on
phenyl-Sepharose. Molecular sieving through Superose 12 and sedimentation centrifugation through a glycerol gradient suggested
that the native enzyme is a homodimer with 53.7-kDa subunits. The enzyme was specific for glycine betaine aldehyde and could
use both NAD+ and NADP+ as cofactors, but NAD+ was strongly preferred. A kinetic analysis of the GbsA-mediated oxidation of glycine betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine
revealed K
m values of 125 μM and 143 μM for its substrates glycine betaine aldehyde and NAD+, respectively. Low concentrations of salts stimulated the GbsA activity, and the enzyme was highly tolerant of high ionic
conditions. Even in the presence of 2.4 M KCl, 88% of the initial enzymatic activity was maintained. B. subtilis synthesizes high levels of proline when grown at high osmolarity, and the presence of this amino acid strongly stimulated
the GbsA activity in vitro. The enzyme was stimulated by moderate concentrations of glycine betaine, and its activity was
highly tolerant against molar concentrations of this osmolyte. The high salt tolerance and its resistance to its own reaction
product are essential features of the GbsA enzyme and ensure that B. subtilis can produce high levels of the compatible solute glycine betaine under conditions of high osmolarity stress.
Received: 2 May 1997 / Accepted: 2 July 1997 相似文献
204.
Molecular evolution of olfactomedin 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Olfactomedin is a secreted polymeric glycoprotein of unknown function,
originally discovered at the mucociliary surface of the amphibian olfactory
neuroepithelium and subsequently found throughout the mammalian brain. As a
first step toward elucidating the function of olfactomedin, its
phylogenetic history was examined to identify conserved structural motifs.
Such conserved motifs may have functional significance and provide targets
for future mutagenesis studies aimed at establishing the function of this
protein. Previous studies revealed 33% amino acid sequence identity between
rat and frog olfactomedins in their carboxyl terminal segments. Further
analysis, however, reveals more extensive homologies throughout the
molecule. Despite significant sequence divergence, cysteines essential for
homopolymer formation such as the CXC motif near the amino terminus are
conserved, as is the characteristic glycosylation pattern, suggesting that
these posttranslational modifications are essential for function.
Furthermore, evolutionary analysis of a region of 53 amino acids of fish,
frog, rat, mouse, and human olfactomedins indicates that an ancestral
olfactomedin gene arose before the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates and
evolved independently in teleost, amphibian, and mammalian lineages.
Indeed, a distant olfactomedin homolog was identified in Caenorhabditis
elegans. Although the amino acid sequence of this invertebrate protein is
longer and highly divergent compared with its vertebrate homologs, the
protein from C. elegans shows remarkable similarities in terms of conserved
motifs and posttranslational modification sites. Six universally conserved
motifs were identified, and five of these are clustered in the carboxyl
terminal half of the protein. Sequence comparisons indicate that evolution
of the N-terminal half of the molecule involved extensive insertions and
deletions; the C-terminal segment evolved mostly through point mutations,
at least during vertebrate evolution. The widespread occurrence of
olfactomedin among vertebrates and invertebrates underscores the notion
that this protein has a function of universal importance. Furthermore,
extensive modification of its N-terminal half and the acquisition of a
C-terminal SDEL endoplasmic-reticulum- targeting sequence may have enabled
olfactomedin to adopt new functions in the mammalian central nervous
system.
相似文献
205.
206.
Rudolf Boch 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1957,40(3):289-320
Zusammenfassung Die Tänze sechs verschiedener Rassen der Honigbiene Apis mellifica L. wurden vergleichend untersucht.Wenn die Futterstelle in der Nähe der Bienenwohnung steht, so führen die Sammelbienen aller untersuchten Rassen Rundtänze aus. Die auf Rundtänze hin ausfliegenden Bienen suchen die Umgebung des Stockes nach allen Seiten hin ab.Wird der Futterplatz schrittweise weiter vom Bienenstock entfernt, so gehen die Bienen zu richtungsweisenden Tänzen über. Die Entfernung des Futterplatzes, bei der diese Grenze erreicht wird, ist für die einzelnen Rassen typisch.Die richtungsweisenden Tänze sind Sicheltänze oder Schwänzeltänze.Bei Krämer-Bienen beobachtet man im allgemeinen keine Sicheltänze. Für die anderen untersuchten Bienen ist der Bereich der Flugstrecken, bei dem Sicheltänze getanzt werden, rassetypisch. Wenn durch Sicheltänze alarmierte Stockbienen ausfliegen, so suchen sie die Futterstelle in der gewiesenen Richtung.Das Auftreten der Schwänzeltänze bei bestimmten Entfernungen ist gleichfalls charakteristisch für die einzelnen Rassen.Die Krainer Bienen gehen vom Rundtanz direkt zum Schwänzeltanz über. An der Grenze zeigen die verhältnismäßig wenigen richtungsweisenden Bögen schon deutliche Schwänzelstrecken.Das Tanztempo (Entfernungsweisung) ist bei den Krainer-Bienen am schnellsten. Es folgen mit verschieden großem Abstand die Deutschen und Punischen, dann die Italiener und Kaukasier Bienen. Die Ägyptischen Bienen tanzen unter gleichen Bedingungen am langsamsten.Diese Unterschiede im angeborenen Tanztempo führen in Mischvölkern zu Mißverständnissen über die Entfernung des Futterplatzes.Die Arbeit wurde durch ein Stipendium der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft ermöglicht und aus Mitteln unterstützt, die Prof. v. Frisch von Seiten der Rockefeller Foundation zur Verfügung standen. 相似文献
207.
The molecular organization of the beta-globin complex of the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Padgett RW; Loeb DD; Snyder LR; Edgell MH; Hutchison CA d 《Molecular biology and evolution》1987,4(1):30-45
Recombinant DNA clones have been isolated that contain 80 kb of the
beta-globin complex from the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus.
Comparisons of this complex with that from the laboratory mouse, Mus
domesticus (with an order 5'-Hbby, Hbb-bhO, Hbb-bhl, Hbb-bh2, Hbb-bh3,
Hbb-bl, Hbb-b2 3') highlight organizational trends in the beta-globin
complex since the two species diverged. Unlike other mammals studied thus
far, the deer mouse possesses three adult genes. Partial sequence analysis
indicates that each of the three adult genes is intact and hence may be
functional. Hybridization of one of the two Mus pseudogenes, Hbb-bh3, to
genomic blots from Peromyscus reveals that it has a homologous counterpart
in Peromyscus. Homologous genes to the two gamma-like Mus genes, Hbb-bhO
and Hbb-bhl, are also found in Peromyscus. The strong hybridization between
the Hbb-bhl genes and significant nucleotide similarity between the Hbb-bhO
genes suggest that both pairs are important for the ontogeny of these mice
although no known product has been identified for the Hbb-bhO genes. The
presence of Hbb-bhO and Hbb-bhl in Peromyscus suggests that the duplication
that created this related gene set occurred before the two lineages
diverged. A single gene for Hbb-y has been isolated from Peromyscus. The
adult region in Peromyscus has undergone significant divergence from the
same region in Mus, having three rather than two adult genes, the
acquisition of at least 15 kb of extra DNA relative to Mus, and possibly
the loss of the Hbb-bh2 pseudogene. The nonadult region of the complex, in
contrast, contains the same set of genes apparently distributed over the
same amount of DNA as in the Mus beta- globin complex. This observation
suggests that the embryonic region of the complex is more evolutionarily
stable than the adult region.
相似文献