基于韧性理念的中国城市雨洪管理研究热点与趋势

在中国洪涝灾害频发的背景下,海绵城市等雨洪管理实践有助于灾害的缓解,提高城市应对雨洪的“韧性”。韧性城市作为应对灾害风险的城市规划理念,已被应用于一些国家的雨洪风险管理中。本文基于韧性理念,运用科学计量分析工具CiteSpace梳理中国雨洪研究现状,从生态、工程、社会雨洪韧性3方面分析了雨洪管理热点与相关技术,发现在跨领域的雨洪系统管理、区域到街区间不同空间尺度用地调蓄管理方面存在不足,提出未来应构建以“生态-工程-社会”为核心,涵盖“区域-城市-街区”尺度,多技术集成为支撑的自适应韧性雨洪管理体系。     

Greater soil microbial biomass loss at low frequency of N addition in an Inner Mongolia grassland

低频率的氮添加使内蒙古草原土壤微生物生物量碳出现更大幅度下降 土壤微生物生物量在生物地球化学循环过程中至关重要,是土壤碳固持的前体物质。人为氮输入深刻地改变了草地土壤微生物生物量。然而,传统氮沉降模拟实验仅通过低频率的氮添加进行,与持续高频率的自然氮沉降相比,对土壤微生物生物量的影响可能存在差异。不同频率的氮添加对土壤微生物生物量的影响尚缺乏可靠的数据支撑。本研究通过在不同的氮添加速率(0–50 g N m−2 yr−1)下,控制氮添加频率(每年2次和12次),研究了土壤微生物生物量碳对不同氮添加频率的响应。研究结果表明,在两种氮添加频率下,随着施氮水平的提高,土壤微生物生物量碳逐渐降低。然而,在低施氮频率下,土壤微生物生物量的下降幅度更大,这说明传统的氮添加实验可能高估了氮沉降对土壤微生物生物量的影响。在低施氮频率下,土壤酸化、无机氮积累、碳氮失衡、地下净初级生产力分配减少和真菌细菌比例降低等情况加剧,导致微生物生物量出现较大幅度下降。在未来研究中,为可靠预测氮沉降对草地生态系统土壤微生物功能和碳循环的影响,不仅要考虑氮添加的剂量,还需要考虑氮添加的频率。     

Testing hypotheses driving genetic structure in the cooperatively breeding Brown‐headed Nuthatch Sitta pusilla

Habitat fragmentation has often been implicated in the decline of many species. For habitat specialists and/or sedentary species, loss of habitat can result in population isolation and lead to negative genetic effects. However, factors other than fragmentation can often be important and also need to be considered when assessing the genetic structure of a species. We genotyped individuals from 13 populations of the cooperatively breeding Brown‐headed Nuthatch Sitta pusilla in Florida to test three alternative hypotheses regarding the effects that habitat fragmentation might have on genetic structure. A map of potential habitat developed from recent satellite imagery suggested that Brown‐headed Nuthatch populations in southern Florida occupied smaller and more isolated habitat patches (i.e. were more fragmented) than populations in northern Florida. We also genotyped individuals from a small, isolated Brown‐headed Nuthatch population on Grand Bahama Island. We found that populations associated with more fragmented habitat in southern Florida had lower allelic richness than populations in northern Florida (P = 0.02), although there were no differences in heterozygosity. Although pairwise estimates of F_ST were low overall, values among southern populations were generally higher than northern populations. Population assignment tests identified K = 3 clusters corresponding to a northern cluster, a southern cluster and a unique population in southeast Florida; using sampling localities as prior information revealed K = 7 clusters, with greater structure only among southern Florida populations. The Bahamas population showed moderate to high differentiation compared with Florida populations. Overall, our results suggest that fragmentation could affect gene flow in Brown‐headed Nuthatch populations and is likely to become more pronounced over time.     

火干扰对小兴安岭毛赤杨沼泽温室气体排放动态影响及其影响因素

利用静态箱-气相色谱法,对小兴安岭轻度火烧毛赤杨沼泽CH4、CO2、N2O生长季排放通量进行研究.结果表明:火烧使毛赤杨沼泽生长季CH4排放通量提高485.2％,CO2和N2O排放通量分别下降45.5％、24.8％.火烧未改变CH4季节性排放规律,但改变了CO2、N2O季节性变化规律.火烧样地CH4排放通量与土壤15cm温度间存在显著正相关性关系而与水位相关性不显著,火烧样地CO2排放与土壤0-30 cm温度呈显著或极显著正相关,与水位极显著负相关.对照样地CO2排放通量与土壤0-15 cm温度呈显著或极显著正相关,与水位极显著负相关,火烧使毛赤杨沼泽CH4排放源的强度增强,CO2、N2O的排放消弱,全球温室潜势下降约为43.34％.     

海南脆蛇蜥的分类地位研究

海南脆蛇蜥（Dopasia hainanensis Yang, 1983）为杨戎生根据1号来自海南吊罗山的标本命名,其形态和分子系统发育关系少有人研究。2018年至2019年间,作者获赠2号来自海南脆蛇蜥模式产地的标本和1号来自脆蛇蜥（D. harti）模式产地的组织样。经过形态特征比较和线粒体Cyt b基因序列分析,发现两地样本Cytb基因序列的遗传距离很近（仅有4.96%）,且形态差异不明显,难以找到典型鉴别特征。本文研究成果支持海南脆蛇蜥和台湾脆蛇蜥（Ophisaurus formosensis）为脆蛇蜥的同物异名,同时认为越南的“海南脆蛇蜥”可能为一未描述的新种或新亚种。鉴于脆蛇蜥种下遗传差异较大,其种下关系亟待进一步研究。     

The effect of different platelet-rich plasma concentrations on proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells in vitro

OBJECTIVES: The use of platelets and platelet products has become increasingly popular clinically as a means of accelerating endosseous wound healing. It is likely that growth factors released by activated platelets at the site of injury play a role in periodontal regeneration by regulating cellular activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary cultures of hPDLCs were obtained from healthy premolars. PRP was isolated by two-step centrifugation. Two main growth factors present in the thrombin-activated PRP (platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF-AB] and transforming growth factor-beta1 [TGF-beta1]) were evaluated using ELISA assay. Activated PRP or the combination of recombined human TGF-beta1 (rhTGF-beta1) and PDGF-AB (rhPDGF-AB) were added to hPDLCs in different concentrations to assess cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. RESULTS: PRP contained high levels of TGF-beta1 and PDGF-AB. Cell attachment, proliferation and ALP activity were enhanced by addition of PRP or rhTGF-beta1 and rhPDGF-AB combination to the cell cultures, while the stimulatory potency of PRP was much greater than the latter. These stimulatory effects presented in a dose-dependant manner, it seemed that PRP with 50~100 ng/ml TGF-beta1 was an ideal concentration. CONCLUSIONS: PRP can enhance hPDLC adhesion, proliferation and induce the differentiation of hPDLC into mineralized tissue formation cell; thereby contribute to the main processes of periodontal tissue regeneration. For economical and biological reasons, PRP has more clinical beneficial than analogous growth factors.     

Genome Sequence of Hybrid Vibrio cholerae O1 MJ-1236, B-33, and CIRS101 and Comparative Genomics with V. cholerae

The genomes of Vibrio cholerae O1 Matlab variant MJ-1236, Mozambique O1 El Tor variant B33, and altered O1 El Tor CIRS101 were sequenced. All three strains were found to belong to the phylocore group 1 clade of V. cholerae, which includes the 7th-pandemic O1 El Tor and serogroup O139 isolates, despite displaying certain characteristics of the classical biotype. All three strains were found to harbor a hybrid variant of CTXΦ and an integrative conjugative element (ICE), leading to their establishment as successful clinical clones and the displacement of prototypical O1 El Tor. The absence of strain- and group-specific genomic islands, some of which appear to be prophages and phage-like elements, seems to be the most likely factor in the recent establishment of dominance of V. cholerae CIRS101 over the other two hybrid strains.Vibrio cholerae, a bacterium autochthonous to the aquatic environment, is the causative agent of cholera, a life-threatening disease that causes severe, watery diarrhea. Cholera bacteria are serogrouped based on their somatic O antigens, with more than 200 serogroups identified to date (6). Only toxigenic strains of serogroups O1 and O139 have been identified as agents of cholera epidemics and pandemics; serogroups other than O1 and O139 have the potential to cause mild gastroenteritis or, rarely, local outbreaks. Genes coding for cholera toxin (CTX), ctxAB, and other virulence factors have been shown to reside in bacteriophages and various mobile genetic elements. In addition, V. cholerae serogroup O1 is differentiated into two biotypes, classical and El Tor, by a combination of biochemical traits, by sensitivity to biotype-specific bacteriophages, and more recently by nucleotide sequencing of specific genes and by molecular typing (5, 17, 19).There have been seven pandemics of cholera recorded throughout human history. The seventh and current pandemic began in 1961 in the Indonesian island of Sulawesi and subsequently spread to Asia, Africa, and Latin America; the six previous pandemics are believed to have originated in the Indian subcontinent. Isolates of the sixth pandemic were almost exclusively of the O1 classical biotype, whereas the current (seventh) pandemic is dominated by the V. cholerae O1 El Tor biotype as the causative agent, a transition occurring between 1923 and 1961. Today, the disease continues to remain a scourge in developing countries, confounded by the fact that V. cholerae is native to estuaries and river systems throughout the world (8).Over the past 20 years, several new epidemic lineages of V. cholerae O1 El Tor have emerged (or reemerged). For example, in 1992, a new serogroup, namely, O139 of V. cholerae, was identified as the cause of epidemic cholera in India and Bangladesh (25). The initial concern was that a new pandemic was beginning; however, the geographic range of V. cholerae O139 is currently restricted to Asia. Additionally, V. cholerae O1 hybrids and altered El Tor variants have been isolated repeatedly in Bangladesh (Matlab) (23, 24) and Mozambique (1). Altered V. cholerae O1 El Tor isolates produce cholera toxin of the classical biotype but can be biotyped as El Tor by conventional phenotypic assays, whereas V. cholerae O1 hybrid variants cannot be biotyped based on phenotypic tests and can produce cholera toxin of either biotype. These new variants have subsequently replaced the prototype seventh-pandemic V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains in Asia and Africa, with respect to frequency of isolation from clinical cases of cholera (27).Here, we report the genome sequence of three V. cholerae O1 variants, MJ-1236, a Matlab type I hybrid variant from Bangladesh that cannot be biotyped by conventional methods, CIRS101, an altered O1 El Tor isolate from Bangladesh which harbors ctxB of classical origin, and B33, an altered O1 El Tor isolate from Mozambique which harbors classical CTXΦ, and we compare their genomes with prototype El Tor and classical genomes. From an epidemiological viewpoint, among the three variants characterized in this study, V. cholerae CIRS101 is currently the most “successful” in that strains belonging to this type have virtually replaced the prototype El Tor in Asia and many parts of Africa, notably East Africa. This study, therefore, gives us a unique opportunity to understand why V. cholerae CIRS101 is currently the most successful El Tor variant.     

二氮嗪对自发性高血压大鼠心功能及心肌ERK和JNK表达的影响

目的:探讨二氮嗪对离体自发性高血压大鼠心脏缺血/再灌注心功能及心肌组织ERK和JNK表达的影响及可能机制。方法:雄性自发性高血压大鼠取心行Langendorff灌流。实验分为5组(n=6/组):对照组(Con)在平衡后继续灌流40min,全心缺血25min,复灌30min。其余各组除全心缺血前处理不同外,余均同对照组。缺血预处理组(IP)2次给予5min缺血+10min复灌,二氮嗪预处理组(DP)给予2次含50μmol·L-1二氮嗪的K-H液10min后给不含二氮嗪的K-H液5min,5-HD、5-HD+DP组则在平衡后给予10min150μmol·L-1线粒体KATP阻断剂5-HD,余同Con及DP组。结果:IP组及DP组复灌末左室发展压、+dP/dtmax和-dP/dtmax的恢复率均高于Con组(P<0.01),但两组左室舒张末期压恢复率低于Con组(P<0.01);5-HD能拮抗二氮嗪引起的心功能指标的改善。复灌末IP、DP及5-HD+DP组ERK表达增加。IP组及DP组心肌的JNK表达低于Con组(P<0.05),5-HD+DP组JNK表达显著高于DP组。结论:二氮嗪预处理对离体自发性高血压大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤有保护作用,此保护作用可能与ERK的表达增加及JNK表达减少有关。