胃肝样腺癌的临床病理特征

目的探讨胃肝样腺癌（hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach,HAS）的临床病理学特点、发生机制和免疫组化特征,以提高诊断水平。方法收集并分析5例胃肝样腺癌的临床特征和病理资料,采用HE染色、免疫组化方法,并复习文献。结果组织学胃肝样腺癌具有管状腺癌、粘液性癌和肝样分化腺癌的移行过渡,肿瘤细胞呈小梁状、巢团状,间质为丰富的血窦。免疫表型胃肝样腺癌AAT（5／5）、ACT（5／5）、CEA（5／5）、AFP（4／5）均为阳性,Heppar1灶性阳性（2／5）。结论胃肝样腺癌是一种少见的高度恶性、侵袭性强的特殊类型胃癌,组织学呈肝细胞样腺癌,免疫表型AFP、AAT和ACT阳性有助诊断。     

Raf激酶抑制蛋白的研究进展

Raf激酶抑制蛋白(RKIP)是磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白家族的成员。RKIP通过与Raf-1结合,抑制了Ras/Raf-1/MEK/ERK信号转导通路,并在NF-κB及G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)信号转导通路中也起重要调节作用。RKIP参与细胞凋亡、肿瘤转移、神经发育以及精子发生等病理生理过程,通过研究RKIP能为治疗相关疾病提供新思路新靶点。本文主要介绍RKIP的生物功能,着重于其在神经系统、肿瘤和生殖系统中的研究进展。     

Molecular and pathogenic characterization of new Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strains from the coastline region of Fangchenggang city in China

Virulence assays and DNA polymorphism analyses were used to characterize 33 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) strains collected from the coastline region of Fangchenggang city in China. Two new pathogenic races (FXP1 and FXP2), were determined by leaf-clipping inoculation of 12 near-isogenic International Rice-Bacterial Blight (IRBB) rice lines, each containing a single resistance gene. Race FXP1 consisted of twenty-eight strains that were incompatible on IRBB5 and IRBB7, while race FXP2 included five strains that were incompatible on IRBB5 and IRBB7 and moderately virulent on IRBB8 containing the xa8 gene. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis revealed that each probe of avrXa10 and IS1112 resolved two haplotypes. In a dendrogram generated from the combined RFLP data, the 33 Xoo strains were resolved into two clusters. There was a weak correlation (r = 0.53) between race and haplotype. All of the rice cultivars planted in the coastline region of Fangchenggang city were susceptible to the representative Xoo strains tested above. However, we found that four rice cultivars used as breeding materials in the laboratory could fully resist infection by the Xoo strains, suggesting that the isolated Xoo strains could be used to detect resistant rice cultivars suitable for planting in the local rice field.     

Ontogenetic and sexual differences of thermal biology and locomotor performance in a lacertid lizard,Eremias multiocellata

A viviparous lizard, Eremias multiocellata, was used to investigate the possible sexual and ontogenetic effects on selected body temperature, thermal tolerance range and the thermal dependence of locomotor performance. We show that adults are sexually dimorphic and males have larger bodies and heads than females. Adults selected higher body temperatures (34.5 vs. 32.4 °C) and could tolerate a broader range of body temperatures (8.1–46.8 vs. 9.1–43.1 °C) than juveniles. The sprint speed and maximum sprint distance increased with temperature from 21 °C to 33 °C, but decreased at 36 °C and 39 °C in both juveniles and adults. Adults ran faster and longer than juveniles at each tested temperature. Adult locomotor performance was not correlated with snout–vent length (SVL) or sex, and sprint speed was positively correlated with hindlimb length. Juvenile locomotor performance was positively correlated with both SVL and hindlimb length. The ontogenetic variation in selected body temperature, thermal tolerance and locomotor performance in E. multiocellata suggests that the effects of morphology on temperature selection and locomotor performance vary at different ontogenetic stages.     

Two dimensional electrophoresis of the exo-proteome produced from community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus belonging to clonal complex 80

Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) combined with mass spectrometry was used to characterize the exo-proteome secreted by two strains (ER13 and ER21) representing community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) belonging to clonal complex 80 (CC80). Common spots were detected between the 2 gels using the Progenesis SameSpots software. Two hundred and fifty-one and 312 spots from the exo-proteome of ER13 and ER21 were resolved, respectively. 2DE overlap comparison showed that 59 spots were shared. LC–MS/MS analysis identified 57 proteins from these spots comprising about 21% extracellular, 48% cytoplasmic, 2% cytoplasmic membrane, 2% cell wall, and 26% with unknown localization. The identified proteins were classified with respect to their Gene Ontology (GO) annotation as ～24% virulence determinants and toxins, ～17% involved in carbohydrate metabolism, ～14% involved in environmental stress, and ～12% associated with cell division. The identification of the enterotoxin B from the exo-products of both strains used in our study, as belonging to CC80 was interesting.     

Hagfish phylogeny and taxonomy,with description of the new genus Rubicundus (Craniata,Myxinidae)

A recent phylogenetic analysis of the Myxinidae based on the 16S rRNA gene resulted in synonymization of Paramyxine with Eptatretus. This created homonymy of Paramyxine fernholmi with Eptatretus fernholmi and Paramyxine wisneri with Eptatretus wisneri. In order to resolve this nomenclatural dilemma, we made a more extensive phylogenetic assessment of the Myxinidae and examined the nomenclature of the family. We used 75 sequences (37 of which new for this study) of a 561 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene, representing 33 species, and 72 sequences (37 of which new for this study) of a 687 bp fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, representing 23 species, to reconstruct the phylogeny of Myxinidae. The monophyly of the subfamily Myxininae, traditionally characterized by having a single pair of external gill openings, was rejected (0.50 Bayesian posterior probability) by the 16S analysis, but supported by the COI and combined COI+16S analyses (0.99 and 0.81 Bpp, respectively). The monophyly of the subfamily Eptatretinae, characterized by having several pairs of external gill openings, was not supported by the 16S analysis and rejected by the COI and combined COI+16S analysis due to the placement of Eptatretus lopheliae as the earliest branch of Myxinidae (0.71 and 0.57 Bpp, respectively). Eptatretus lopheliae and Eptatretus rubicundus formed a monophyletic group and were allocated to a new genus, Rubicundus, characterized by the presence of an elongated tubular nostril and reddish coloration. A new monotypic subfamily, Rubicundinae, was proposed for Rubicundus. The synonymy of the genera Paramyxine and Quadratus with Eptatretus was confirmed. E. fernholmi is renamed Eptatretus luzonicus. Eptatretus wisneri was renamed Eptatretus bobwisneri. Petromyzon cirrhatus Forster, 1801, Homea banksii Fleming, 1822, and Bdellostoma forsteri Müller, 1836 are synonyms, but no type specimens are known to exist. Petromyzon cirrhatus was designated as type species of Eptatretus, conserving present usage. Gastrobranchus dombeyi Shaw, 1804 has priority over other names for Chilean myxinids. Bdellostoma stoutii was designated as type species of Polistotrema Gill. The validity of the Western Atlantic Myxine limosa as distinct from the Eastern Atlantic Myxine glutinosa was confirmed.     

Molecular identification and cellular localisation of GSH synthesis, uptake, efflux and degradation pathways in the rat ciliary body

The aim of this study is to determine the contribution of the ciliary epithelium to glutathione (GSH) levels in the aqueous by mapping GSH metabolism and transport pathways in the rat ciliary body. Using a combination of molecular and immunohistochemical techniques, we screened and localised enzymes and transporters involved in GSH synthesis, uptake, efflux and degradation. Our findings indicate that both the pigmented epithelial (PE) and the non-pigmented epithelial (NPE) cell layers are capable of accumulating precursor amino acids for GSH synthesis, but only the NPE cells appear to be involved in the direct uptake of precursor amino acids from the stroma. The localisation of GSH efflux transporters to the PE cell and PE–NPE interface indicates that GSH and potentially GSH-S conjugates can be removed from the ciliary epithelium into the stroma, while the location of GSH efflux transporters to the basolateral membrane of the NPE indicates that these cells can mediate GSH secretion into the aqueous. GSH secreted by the ciliary into the aqueous would remain largely intact due to the absence of the GSH degradation enzymes γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GGT) labelling at the basolateral membrane of the NPE. Therefore, it appears that the ciliary epithelium contains the molecular machinery to mediate GSH secretion into the aqueous.