Use of the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model in QTL mapping for adaptation in barley

The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model has emerged as a powerful analytical tool for genotype x environment studies. The objective of the present study was to assess its value in quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. This was done through the analysis of a large two-way table of genotype-by-environment data of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain yields, where the genotypes constituted a genetic population suitable for mapping studies. Grain yield data of 150 doubled haploid lines derived from the Steptoe x Morex cross, and the two parental lines, were taken by the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project (NABGMP) at 16 environments throughout the barley production areas of the USA and Canada. Four regions of the genome were responsible for most of the differential genotypic expression across environments. They accounted for approximately 50% of the genotypic main effect and 30% of the genotype x environment interaction (GE) sums of squares. The magnitude and sign of AMMI scores for genotypes and sites facilitate inferences about specific interactions. The parallel use of classification (cluster analysis of environments) and ordination (principal component analysis of GE matrix) techniques allowed most of the variation present in the genotype x environment matrix to be summarized in just a few dimensions, specifically four QTLs showing differential adaptation to four clusters of environments. Thus, AMMI genotypic scores, when the genotypes constituted a population suitable for QTL mapping, could provide an adequate way of resolving the magnitude and nature of QTL x environment interactions.Ignacio Romagosa was on sabbatical leave from the University of Lleida and the Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Lleida, Spain, when this study was conducted     

苏云金芽孢杆菌δ-内毒素基因穿梭质粒的构建

在农业生产中长期使用化学农药已对环境和生态平衡造成一定破坏作用,同时有不少害虫也逐渐产生抗药性从而引起某些害虫的大流行,给农业生产带来巨大损失。应用苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白基因(Bt基因)可构建具有抗虫作用的抗虫工程菌,这样通过拌种或植物叶面喷雾可达到快速、经济、有效的防治虫害的目的。国际上抗虫工程菌研究应用很快,如美国将BI基因转入到一种正常情况下定居在植物组织中的棒杆菌,将这种工程菌拌玉米种子,这样随植物生长该菌在植物体内大量繁殖,当玉米螟在茎和叶取食时,即因食用表达苏云金杆菌毒蛋白的工程菌而死亡。 田颖川等已克隆了苏云金芽孢杆菌内毒素基因CryIA(b)和CryIA(c)。本文将Bt基因CryIA(c)插入到大肠-枯草穿梭载体pBE-2中构建成Bt毒蛋白基因穿梭质粒pAMY,利用电穿孔法转人大肠杆菌DH5a,枯草芽孢杆菌B.subtilis BR151,IA511,野生型蜡状芽孢杆菌B.cereusa-47,短芽孢杆菌B.brevis A-5和枯草芽孢杆菌90-8,获得了具有较高杀虫活性的工程菌克隆。     

Chromosomal Assignment of Human Nuclear Envelope Protein Genes LMNA, LMNB1, and LBR by Fluorescencein SituHybridization

We have used fluorescencein situhybridization to establish precise chromosomal localizations for three human genes encoding four different nuclear envelope proteins. Lamin A/C (LMN1, HGMW-approved symbol LMNA) mapped to 1q21.2–q21.3, with a most probable gene assignment to 1q21.3; lamin B receptor (LBR) was localized to 1q42.1; and lamin B1 (LMNB1) was mapped to the interface of bands 5q23.3–q31.1. Assignments were determined by direct placement of signals relative to high-resolution DAPI or G-bands. Comparison of these results of band positions predicted from fractional length measurements to signal placement indicated that more accurate predictions are made using Francke idiograms and that measurement strategy avoids variance due to polymorphic chromosome segments.     

原噬菌体PBSX阻遏基因及其温度敏感型等位基因的克隆分析

本研究利用聚合酶链式反应技术,成功地克隆了枯草芽孢杆菌缺陷型原噬菌体ＰＢＳＸ阻遏基因及其温度敏感型等位基因。核苷酸序列分析发现,野生型及其温度敏感型阻遏基因之间的碱基变异较大,但却存在几乎完全相同的开放读框,尤其是开放读框ｏｒｆⅠ,可能编码着１１３个氨基酸的阻遏蛋白,并且还推定了开放读框的启动区和核糖体结合位点。通过互补实验,证实了野生型阻遏基因的产物能够抑制温度诱导ＰＢＳＸ原噬菌体,表明克隆的基因有着正常的生物活性。     

尖三刺角蝉的核型与性二型现象：同翅目：角蝉科

尖三刺角蝉Ｔｈｉｃｅｎｔｒｕｓａｃｕｔｉｃｏｒｎｉｓ的雌雄均只有１０条染色体,性别决定为ＸＹ型,是角蝉科已知最为独特的核型特征,该种具有明显的性二型现象,由于雄性不具有上肩角,极易被误认为是秃角蝉属ＣｅｎｔｒｏｔｏｓｃｅｌｌｕｓＦｕｎｋｈｏｕｓｅｒ的种类。本文根据染色体特征,首次确定了该种的雄性,并对其形态特征进行了描述。     

肿瘤坏死因子－α（TNF－α）对常见呼吸道病毒的抑制作用

用人重组肿瘤坏死因子－α（Ｔｕｍｏｒｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓｆａｃｔｏｒ－α,ＴＮＦ－α）和人天然α干扰素（Ｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｏｎ－α－,ＩＦＮ－α）在人胚胎肺纤维母细胞（ＨＥＦ）和Ｈｅｐ－２细胞系上对常见呼吸道病毒所致细胞病变抑制进行比较观察。病毒包括不同型别的腺病毒５株,单疱病毒Ⅰ型（ＨＳＶ－Ｉ）１株,鼻病毒１株,仙台病毒１株,ＶＳＶ１株。结果提示ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＦＮ－α均具有广谱抗病毒活性。ＴＮＦ－α的抑毒作用能被ＴＮＦ－α申抗和ＩＦＮ－β单抗完全去除,被ＩＦＮ－α单抗部分去除ＴＮＦ－α的抗病毒效应。ＴＮＦ－－α中和试验的结果提示：ＴＮＦ抗病毒活性仍为ＩＦＮ－β诱生所介导。     

新型生物——人工复合血管研制的初步报告

本文设计一种由胶原和高分子聚合物组成的新型生物一人工复合血管。其研制过程是将包绕有聚酯网的硅胶棒埋入羊的皮下组织,再将形成的经聚酯网为支架的胶原管经醛化处理。作者通过肉眼和SEM观察提出了研制生物——人工复合血管的要点:聚酯网网孔要合适,其与硅胶棒的间隙要恰当,理化处理方法更要选择好。     

Immunochemical and immunohistological expression of Lewis histo-blood group antigens in small intestine including individuals of the Le(a+b+) and Le(a−b−) nonsecretor phenotypes

Histological samples and total non-acid glycosphingolipids were prepared from small intestine of human cadavers with the Le(a+b+) and Le(a–b–) nonsecretor phenotypes and contrasted with the more common Lewis phenotypes. Glycolipid fractions were analysed by thin-layer chromatography and tested for Lewis activity with monoclonal antibodies reactive to Lewis epitopes. Paraffin-embedded small intestine sections were also fluorescently immunostained with anti-Lewis antibodies. Unlike the common Lewis positive phenotypes, we were immunochemically able to demonstrate the copresence of large amounts of Le^a and Le^b glycolipids in the Le(a+b+) sample. In addition we demonstrated increased formation of extended Lewis structures in this phenotype. By immunohistochemistry Le^a, Le^b and type 1 precursor chain epitopes could be demonstrated in the brush border. These results show that the expression of the Le(a+b+) phenotype at the erythrocyte phenotyping level parallels the small intestinal expression of this phenotype, and the patterns of Lewis antigen expressions are unique to this phenotype. By immunohistochemistry and immunochemistry we also demonstrated the presence of trace amounts of Lewis active glycoconjugates in the small intestine of the Le(a–b–) nonsecretor and Le(a+b–) samples. In the Le(a–b–) nonsecretor Le^a and Le^b activity was absent and type 1 precursor was present in brush border, while Le^b activity was immunohistologically demonstrated in the Golgi apparatus of the deep glands. Trace amounts of both Le^a and Le^b glycolipids were identified in this sample. In parallel trace Le^b activity could also be detected in the glycolipids of the Le(a+b–) sample and could be immunohistologically demonstrated to be fully expressed in occasional cells in the deep glands of the small intestine, a pattern quite dissimilar to that of the Le(a–b–) nonsecretor. The results in this paper show that the expression of Lewis glycoconjugates in the small intestine parallel the expression of Lewis erythrocyte phenotypes. However, inappropriate Lewis activity is also seen in individuals of other phenotypes and the mechanisms by which these Lewis antigens are made appears to be different for different phenotypes.Abbreviations FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography - NeuAc N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid - RBC red blood cell - TLC thin-layer chromatography - TRITC tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate