Immunohistochemical identification of tubular segments in percutaneous renal biopsies

Summary To identify the renal cortical tubular segments involved in tubulo-interstitial disease in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded percutaneous kidney biopsies, we developed multiple immunolabeling protocols using segment-specific tubular markers. The present study of biopsies from patients with minimal change or thin basement membrane nephropathy provides a baseline for interpretation of histopathology. Proximal tubules were stained either by the PAS reaction or by the biotinylated Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA-E)-streptavidin-gold-silver system (brush borders black). The anti-Tamm-Horsfall (THP) antibody-immunoperoxidase (aminoethylcarbazole, AEC-IPO), and anti-epidermal cytokeratins (ECK) antibodies-immunoalkaline-Fast Blue BB methods marked the distal straight tubules and the cortical collecting system red-brown and blue, respectively. When these immunolabelings were combined, the coapplication of AEC-PO-labeled peanut agglutinin (PNA) or anti-epithelial membrane antigen antibody-AEC-IPO technique (both are markers for distal nephron) visualized the apical membranes of distal convoluted tubules. In the protocol PHA-E + PNA + THP + ECK, the tubular basement membranes were outlined by the anti-laminin antibody-AEC-IPO staining, carried out simultaneously. The protocol PNA + THP + ECK + PAS was found to be a quite appropriate multiple immunolabeling method for the tubules, and is recommended for use as a tool in the study of tubulo-interstitial diseases.Abbreviations PAS periodic acid-Schiff reaction - PHAE Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin - PNA Peanut agglutinin - EMA epithelial membrane antigen - THP Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein - ECK epidermal cytokeratins - PO peroxidase - Biot-PHA-E biotinylated PHA-E - APAAP complexes of alkaline phosphatase and mouse monoclonal anti-alkaline phosphatase - SWARI swine anti-rabbit immunoglobulins - FCS fetal calf serum - TBS Tris-buffered saline - AEC aminoethylcarbazole - DAB diaminobenzidine - FBBB Fast Blue BB - IA immunoalkaline - GL glomerulus - PT proximal tubule - DST distal straight tubule - DCT distal convoluted tubule - CCS cortical collecting system - CT connecting tubule - CD collecting duct     

Inhibition of the restriction endonuclease BanII using modified DNA substrates. Determination of phosphate residues critical for the formation of an active enzyme-DNA complex

The restriction endonuclease BanII catalyzes the cleavage of double-stranded DNA and recognizes the degenerate sequence 5'-GPuGCPyC-3'. The poly-linker of M13mp18 contains one such sequence, 5'-GAGCTC-3'. The three other possible sites recognized by the enzyme were prepared by site-directed muta-genesis. The substitution of phosphate groups by phosphorothioate residues at some positions within the various recognition sites had relatively little effect on the rate of cleavage of the DNA. However, when the DNA contained a phosphorothioate group at the site of cleavage the rate of linearization of the DNA was decreased by a factor of 9. Interestingly, DNA which contained an additional phosphorothioate internucleotidic linkage immediately 3'-outside the recognition site could not be linearized by the enzyme. The results indicate that an important contact between enzyme and substrate is perturbed by the presence of the sulfur atom at this position.     

Carbon-13 NMR relaxation studies of pre-melt structural dynamics in [4-13C-uracil] labeled E. coli transfer RNAIVal.

We report 67.8 MHz carbon-13 spin-lattice relaxation studies on [4-13C-uracil] labeled tRNAIVal purified from E. coli SO-187. Following 13C-enriched C4 carbonyl resonances from modified and unsubstituted uridines scattered throughout the polymer backbone enables us to determine dynamical features in both loop and helical stem regions. The experimental results have been analyzed in terms of a model of isotropic overall molecular reorientation. "Anomalous" residues for which the experimental data cannot be accounted for in terms of the model provide an assessment of local and regional properties. Thus, "native" tRNAIVal under physiological conditions of magnesium (10 mM) and temperature (20 degrees - 40 degrees C), exhibits the following characteristics: 1) uridines held rigidly in helical stems and tertiary interactions display correlation times for rotational reorientation of 15-20 nsecs, typical for overall tRNA motion; 2) uridines in loops such as the wobble residue uridine-5-oxyacetic acid (V34) are quite accessible to solvent; moreover V34 and another loop residue, D17, exhibit local mobility; 3) the tertiary interactions involving 4-thio uridine (s4U8) and A14 and ribothymidine (rT54) and A58 are weakened as temperature increases.     

Specificity in the inactivation of enzymes by periodate-oxidized nucleotides

Periodate-oxidized ATP (oATP) inactivates the partial reaction of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in which amino acid is transferred to tRNA without altering the other partial reaction in which ATP is a substrate or a product. The inactivation has been shown to be nonspecific with regard to substituents on the dialdehyde and with regard to the enzymes susceptible to inactivation; oxidized GTP and oxidized uridine react as well as oATP with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and all three dialdehydes also inactivate rabbit muscle aldolase.     

Dynamic geometry of the intact left ventricle

Knowledge of left ventricular chamber dynamics is central to our understanding of cardiac physiology. The complicated changes in left ventricular geometry observed in the dog during various phases of the cardiac cycle can be represented as distinct linear relationships between chamber eccentricity and intracavitary volume during diastole and ejection, and probably represent structural properties of the ventricular wall. Chamber geometry of the left ventricle is a major determinant of overall myocardial function. The slope of the radius of curvature (r) to wall thickness (h) relationship is a geometric constant that determines the mural force at any given transmural pressure. Chronic pressure and volume overload produce changes in this geometric relationship as a result of increased mural force resisting ejection. The adaptive mechanism of ventricular hypertrophy in this setting alters the r/h ratio and returns systolic mural force toward normal. Coronary occlusion induces acute changes in regional geometry characterized by holosystolic wall bulging and systolic wall thinning, which shift the r/h relationship upward and to the left. The geometric alteration during ischemia probably increases systolic mural force and could adversely affect myocardial function. Recent studies with patients have shown the r/h ratio to be of value in distinguishing between reversible and irreversible impairment of myocardial performance. Because most myocardial diseases produce major alterations in the structure of the ventricular wall, analysis of dynamic chamber geometry may prove of prognostic value in assessing patients with cardiac disorders.     

Photoaffinity labeling of three renal cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate-binding proteins.

Evidence is presented for the presence of multiple cyclic AMP binding components in the plasma membrane and cytosol fractions of porcine renal cortex and medulla. N6-(Ethyl-2-diazomalonyl)-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate, a photoaffinity label for cyclic AMP binding sites, exhibits non-covalent binding characteristics similar to cyclic AMP in membrane and soluble fractions. Binding data for either compound to the plasma membrane fraction yields biphasic Scatchard plots while triphasic plots are obtained with the dialyzed cytosol. When covalently labeled fractions are separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the cyclic AMP photoaffinity label is found on 49 000 and 130 000 dalton components in each kidney fraction. DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration chromatography of the labeled cortical cytosol fraction establishes that the three components suggested by the binding data correspond to two 49 000 dalton species and a 130 000 component. The 49 000 species have higher affinities for cyclic AMP than the 130 000 component (Ka(1) = 2.0 . 10(9), Ka(2) = 1.7 . 10(8), Ka(3) = 1.0 . 10(7)). The 49 000 components are associated with protein kinase activity while the 130 000 component does not exhibit protein kinase, adenosine deaminase, or cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity. Immunologic results and effects of phosphorylation and cyclic GMP on cyclic AMP binding further suggest that the 49 000 components are regulatory subunits of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases. Cyclic AMP binding to the 130 000 component is markedly inhibited by adenosine and adenine nucleotides, but not cyclic GMP. Thus, this component may reflect an aspect of adenosine control or metabolism which may or may not be a cyclic AMP-related cellular function.     

A summary of the prevalence of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in a captive wapiti population.

A total of 87 brains from harvested and collected wapiti and red deer (Cervus spp.) were examined grossly and microscopically between 1973 and 1977 in a 2104 ha. preserve. Prevalence of infection significantly increased from 26.6% of the sample in 1973 to 64.3% in 1975 (P less than .05). A decline to 47.7% in 1977 (P greater than .05) was not significant. However, the number of clinical cases was significantly higher in 1976-1977 (P less than .02) than previously reported in 1973-1975.