Isolation and Characterization of Vibrio Alginolyticus and Vibrio Parahemolyticus from the Norwegian Coastal Environment

Strains of Vibrio alginolyticus were regularly isolated from mussels, fish, bottom sediment and seawater from April to October. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated occasionally in samples from mussels and bottom sediment in July and August. None of the species were detected in the cold season. Isolated strains were characterized by growth requirement, morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. In addition the cellular fatty acid composition was determined and compared with standard strains from the family Vibrionaceae. With the exception of some biochemical reactions which distinguish Vibrio alginolyticus from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, growth requirement, morphological characteristics and biochemical reactions are similar for these strains. The close relation between Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was also revealed by cluster analyses of fatty acid patterns which combined these two species into one cluster which, however, was clearly separated from the standard strains of Vibrio anguillarum.     

Untersuchungen über die Respirationsintensität der Gewächshauspflanzen

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Production of dissolved organic carbon and low-molecular weight organic acids in soil solution driven by recent tree photosynthate

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is an important component in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Yet, the relative importance of different inputs of DOC to the soil solution remains uncertain. Here, we used a large-scale forest girdling experiment to examine how the supply of recent photosynthate to tree roots and their mycorrhizal fungi affects DOC, in particular low-molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA). We also studied effects of tree girdling on non-structural carbohydrates in microorganism, and examined the effects of freezing of soil and the presence of roots in the soil samples on soil solution DOC and LMWOA in this experiment. The concentration of DOC was reduced by 40%, while citrate was reduced by up to 90% in the soil solution by the girdling treatment. Other LMWOA such as oxalate, succinate, formate and propionate were unaffected by the girdling. We also found that girdling reduced the concentrations of trehalose (by 50%), a typical fungal sugar, and of monosaccharides (by 40%) in microorganisms in root-free soil. The effect of freezing on DOC concentrations was marked in samples from control plots, but insignificant in samples from girdled plots. Release of DOC from cell lysis after freezing was attributed equally to roots and to microorganisms. Our observations suggest a direct link from tree photosynthesis through roots and their mycorrhizal fungi to soil solution chemistry. This direct link should impact solute transport and speciation, mineral weathering and C dynamics in the soil compartment. Importantly, our finding of a substantial photosynthate driven production of DOC challenges the paradigm that DOC is mainly the result of decomposition of organic matter.