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521.
Iain Darbyshire Seona Anderson Anna Asatryan Andrew Byfield Martin Cheek Colin Clubbe Zeineb Ghrabi Timothy Harris Charlie D. Heatubun James Kalema Sékou Magassouba Ben McCarthy William Milliken Bertrand de Montmollin Eimear Nic Lughadha Jean-Michel Onana Doumbouya Saïdou Anca Sârbu Krishna Shrestha Elizabeth A. Radford 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2017,26(8):1767-1800
Despite the severe threats to plant habitats and high levels of extinction risk for plant species in many parts of the world, plant conservation priorities are often poorly represented in national and global frameworks because of a lack of data in an accessible and consistent format to inform conservation decision making. The Important Plant Areas (IPAs) criteria system offers a pragmatic yet scientifically rigorous means of delivering these datasets, enabling informed national- or regional-scale conservation prioritisation, and contributing significantly towards global prioritisation systems including the International Union for Conservation of Nature Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) Standard. In this paper, we review the IPA rationale and progress on IPA identification to date, including the perceived limitations of the process and how these may be overcome. We then present a revised set of criteria for use globally, developed through the combined experiences of IPA identification over the past decade and a half and through a recent global consultation process. An overview of how the revised IPA criteria can work alongside the newly published KBA Standard is also provided. IPA criteria are based around a sound, scientific, global framework which acknowledges the practical problems of gathering plant and habitat data in many regions of the world, and recognises the role of peer reviewed expert opinion in the selection process. National and sub-national engagement in IPA identification is essential, providing a primary route towards long term conservation of key sites for plant diversity. The IPA criteria can be applied to the conservation of all organism groups within the plant and fungal kingdoms. 相似文献
522.
Pravesh Shrestha Ji-Hye Yun Woo Taek Kim Tae-Yoon Kim Weontae Lee 《Molecules and cells》2016,39(3):242-249
A balance between production and degradation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Increased levels of ROS during oxidative stress are associated with disease conditions. Antioxidant enzymes, such as extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD), in the extracellular matrix (ECM) neutralize the toxicity of superoxide. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of EC-SOD in protecting the brain, lungs, and other tissues from oxidative stress. Therefore, EC-SOD would be an excellent therapeutic drug for treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress. We cloned both the full length (residues 1–240) and truncated (residues 19–240) forms of human EC-SOD (hEC-SOD) into the donor plasmid pFastBacHTb. After transposition, the bacmid was transfected into the Sf9-baculovirus expression system and the expressed hEC-SOD purified using FLAG-tag. Western blot analysis revealed that hEC-SOD is present both as a monomer (33 kDa) and a dimer (66 kDa), as detected by the FLAG antibody. A water-soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) assay showed that both full length and truncated hEC-SOD proteins were enzymatically active. We showed that a potent superoxide dismutase inhibitor, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), inhibits hEC-SOD activity. 相似文献
523.
The MOPC 104E cell line has been adapted to grow in vitro using a combination of feeder layer and growth factor(s). The growth of this myeloma cell line is dependent on the presence of growth factor(s). Growth-promoting activity generated from T-cell-mitogen-stimulated, Corynebacterium parvum-stimulated spleen cell culture supernatant, and peritoneal adherent cell culture supernatants gives dose-dependent proliferation. Generation of growth factors in the serum-free bovine serum albumin-substituted media and a rapid assay system based on [3H]thymidine uptake for the quantitation of growth promoting activity are described. 相似文献
524.
C. Wemmer V. Krishnamurthy S. Shrestha L.‐A. Hayek Myo Thant K.A. Nanjappa 《Zoo biology》2006,25(3):187-200
A method of assessing body condition of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) is presented. The method uses visual assessment to assign numerical scores to six different regions of the body, which are totaled to give a numerical index ranging from 0–11. The relationship between the index and morphometric variables is compared for a sample of 119 juvenile and young adult elephants from southern India, Nepal, and Myanmar. Mean ages of males and females were similar. Mean index of body condition (with standard error [SE]) was 7.3±0.2 points. No significant correlation was found between index of body condition and age over both sexes (r=0.01, n=50). Results were equivalent when sexes were treated separately (females: r=0.03, n=24; males: r=0.01, n=26). Sexes did not differ in height of the shoulder or body condition in our sample, but there was significant sexual dimorphism in breadth of the zygomatic arch and three measures of subcutaneous fat: girth of neck, thickness of cervical fold, and thickness of anal flap. These three measures were also significantly correlated with each other. Our assessment method should prove a practical tool for ecologic studies, but the relationship of the index to percentage of body fat should be determined using heavy water dilution methodology. Zoo Biol 25:187–200, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
525.
Jane Teas Henry G. Taylor Thomas L. Richie Rakesh Das Shrestha George K. Turner Charles H. Southwick 《Primates; journal of primatology》1981,22(4):580-586
During five years of birth season fieldwork, we observed two births and three peri-birth instances of behavior of free-ranging
rhesus living in Kathmandu, Nepal. These constitute the first two recorded free-ranging rhesus births, and we compare them
to the behavior which has been observed in captivity and expected in the wild. The free-ranging parturition behavior was characterized
by a general lack of contact with other troop members and by overall inconspicuousness. In the first birth we observed, the
troop moved about 70 m up the hill, leaving the laboring female behind on an open hillside. Two males, a female and a juvenile
returned and rested about 20 m from the delivering female. During the second delivery, the female stayed with the troop and
seemed to participate normally in most troop interactions, although she avoided physical contact with other troop members.
We propose that this near-normal behavior may help to assure successful parturition by allowing the female the needed social
isolation and inconspicuousness without any loss of troop protection. It may also partly explain why births have not been
observed during previous studies. Observations of rhesus parturition behavior reported from studies of captive monkeys and
reports from other free-ranging primate studies are compared with our data. 相似文献
526.
527.
Adam?M. Corrigan Roshan Shrestha Viji?M. Draviam Athene?M. Donald 《Biophysical journal》2015,109(7):1398-1409
The mechanisms by which the mammalian mitotic spindle is guided to a predefined orientation through microtubule-cortex interactions have recently received considerable interest, but there has been no dynamic model that describes spindle movements toward the preferred axis in human cells. Here, we develop a dynamic model based on stochastic activity of cues anisotropically positioned around the cortex of the mitotic cell and we show that the mitotic spindle does not reach equilibrium before chromosome segregation. Our model successfully captures the characteristic experimental behavior of noisy spindle rotation dynamics in human epithelial cells, including a weak underlying bias in the direction of rotation, suppression of motion close to the alignment axis, and the effect of the aspect ratio of the interphase cell shape in defining the final alignment axis. We predict that the force exerted per cue has a value that minimizes the deviation of the spindle from the predefined axis. The model has allowed us to systematically explore the parameter space around experimentally relevant configurations, and predict the mechanistic function of a number of established regulators of spindle orientation, highlighting how physical modeling of a noisy system can lead to functional biological understanding. We provide key insights into measurable parameters in live cells that can help distinguish between mechanisms of microtubule and cortical-cue interactions that jointly control the final orientation of the spindle. 相似文献
528.
A single physiologic dose (0.1 mg) of estradiol-17β in sesame-oil vehicle or vehicle alone (n = 8) was given to heifers on day 14 after ovulation to study the effect on circulating 13-14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM), PGFM pulses, and changes in progesterone concentrations within a PGFM pulse. Blood samples were collected hourly for 16 h after treatment. The estradiol group had a greater mean concentration of PGFM, greater number of heifers with PGFM pulses and number of pulses/heifer, and greater prominence of the PGFM pulses. Changes in progesterone concentrations were not detected during the 16 h sampling session in the vehicle group, indicating that the heifers were in preluteolysis. Progesterone decreased after 12 h in the estradiol group, indicating a luteolytic effect of the estradiol-induced PGF secretion as represented by PGFM concentrations. Intrapulse changes in progesterone were detected during a PGFM pulse in the estradiol group (P < 0.006), but not in the vehicle group. Progesterone increased (P < 0.01) between Hours −2 and −1 of an estradiol-induced PGFM pulse (Hour 0 = peak of pulse), decreased (P < 0.004) between Hours −1 and 0, and increased (P < 0.01) or rebounded between Hours 0 and 1. Results were compatible with previous reports of a role for estradiol in the induction of PGFM pulses in cattle and demonstrated intrapulse changes in progesterone concentrations during an induced PGFM pulse. 相似文献
529.
Mark J. D. Jordans Brandon A. Kohrt Manaswi Sangraula Elizabeth L. Turner Xueqi Wang Pragya Shrestha Renasha Ghimire Edith vant Hof Richard A. Bryant Katie S. Dawson Kedar Marahatta Nagendra P. Luitel Mark van Ommeren 《PLoS medicine》2021,18(6)
BackgroundGlobally, 235 million people are impacted by humanitarian emergencies worldwide, presenting increased risk of experiencing a mental disorder. Our objective was to test the effectiveness of a brief group psychological treatment delivered by trained facilitators without prior professional mental health training in a disaster-prone setting.Methods and findingsWe conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) from November 25, 2018 through September 30, 2019. Participants in both arms were assessed at baseline, midline (7 weeks post-baseline, which was approximately 1 week after treatment in the experimental arm), and endline (20 weeks post-baseline, which was approximately 3 months posttreatment). The intervention was Group Problem Management Plus (PM+), a psychological treatment of 5 weekly sessions, which was compared with enhanced usual care (EUC) consisting of a family psychoeducation meeting with a referral option to primary care providers trained in mental healthcare. The setting was 72 wards (geographic unit of clustering) in eastern Nepal, with 1 PM+ group per ward in the treatment arm. Wards were eligible if they were in disaster-prone regions and residents spoke Nepali. Wards were assigned to study arms based on covariate constrained randomization. Eligible participants were adult women and men 18 years of age and older who met screening criteria for psychological distress and functional impairment. Outcomes were measured at the participant level, with assessors blinded to group assignment. The primary outcome was psychological distress assessed with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Secondary outcomes included depression symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, “heart–mind” problems, social support, somatic symptoms, and functional impairment. The hypothesized mediator was skill use aligned with the treatment’s mechanisms of action. A total of 324 participants were enrolled in the control arm (36 wards) and 319 in the Group PM+ arm (36 wards). The overall sample (N = 611) had a median age of 45 years (range 18–91 years), 82% of participants were female, 50% had recently experienced a natural disaster, and 31% had a chronic physical illness. Endline assessments were completed by 302 participants in the control arm (36 wards) and 303 participants in the Group PM+ arm (36 wards). At the midline assessment (immediately after Group PM+ in the experimental arm), mean GHQ-12 total score was 2.7 units lower in Group PM+ compared to control (95% CI: 1.7, 3.7, p < 0.001), with standardized mean difference (SMD) of −0.4 (95% CI: −0.5, −0.2). At 3 months posttreatment (primary endpoint), mean GHQ-12 total score was 1.4 units lower in Group PM+ compared to control (95% CI: 0.3, 2.5, p = 0.014), with SMD of −0.2 (95% CI: −0.4, 0.0). Among the secondary outcomes, Group PM+ was associated with endline with a larger proportion attaining more than 50% reduction in depression symptoms (29.9% of Group PM+ arm versus 17.3% of control arm, risk ratio = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.4, p = 0.002). Fewer participants in the Group PM+ arm continued to have “heart–mind” problems at endline (58.8%) compared to the control arm (69.4%), risk ratio = 0.8 (95% CI, 0.7, 1.0, p = 0.042). Group PM+ was not associated with lower PTSD symptoms or functional impairment. Use of psychosocial skills at midline was estimated to explain 31% of the PM+ effect on endline GHQ-12 scores. Adverse events in the control arm included 1 suicide death and 1 reportable incidence of domestic violence; in the Group PM+ arm, there was 1 death due to physical illness. Study limitations include lack of power to evaluate gender-specific effects, lack of long-term outcomes (e.g., 12 months posttreatment), and lack of cost-effectiveness information.ConclusionsIn this study, we found that a 5-session group psychological treatment delivered by nonspecialists modestly reduced psychological distress and depression symptoms in a setting prone to humanitarian emergencies. Benefits were partly explained by the degree of psychosocial skill use in daily life. To improve the treatment benefit, future implementation should focus on approaches to enhance skill use by PM+ participants.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov .Mark Jordans and co-workers evaluate a group therapy intervention in adults affected by psychological distress in Nepal. NCT03747055相似文献
530.
Rare fishes of Himalayan waters of Nepal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
T. K. Shrestha 《Journal of fish biology》1990,37(SA):213-216