Longitudinal Analysis of CCR5 and CXCR4 Usage in a Cohort of Antiretroviral Therapy-Na?ve Subjects with Progressive HIV-1 Subtype C Infection

HIV-1 subtype C (C-HIV) is responsible for most HIV-1 cases worldwide. Although the pathogenesis of C-HIV is thought to predominantly involve CCR5-restricted (R5) strains, we do not have a firm understanding of how frequently CXCR4-using (X4 and R5X4) variants emerge in subjects with progressive C-HIV infection. Nor do we completely understand the molecular determinants of coreceptor switching by C-HIV variants. Here, we characterized a panel of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs) (n = 300) cloned sequentially from plasma of 21 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve subjects who experienced progression from chronic to advanced stages of C-HIV infection, and show that CXCR4-using C-HIV variants emerged in only one individual. Mutagenesis studies and structural models suggest that the evolution of R5 to X4 variants in this subject principally involved acquisition of an “Ile-Gly” insertion in the gp120 V3 loop and replacement of the V3 “Gly-Pro-Gly” crown with a “Gly-Arg-Gly” motif, but that the accumulation of additional gp120 “scaffold” mutations was required for these V3 loop changes to confer functional effects. In this context, either of the V3 loop changes could confer possible transitional R5X4 phenotypes, but when present together they completely abolished CCR5 usage and conferred the X4 phenotype. Our results show that the emergence of CXCR4-using strains is rare in this cohort of untreated individuals with advanced C-HIV infection. In the subject where X4 variants did emerge, alterations in the gp120 V3 loop were necessary but not sufficient to confer CXCR4 usage.     

三种绿叶挥发性物质对云南切梢小蠹寄主定位行为的干扰作用

为了研究环境中非寄主阔叶植物释放出的绿叶挥发性物质（GLVs）对针叶树蛀干害虫云南切梢小蠹Tomicus yunnanesis的影响, 选取了(E)-2-己烯醛、 (E)-2-己烯醇和(Z)-3-己烯醇3种释放量较大的绿叶挥发性物质, 通过室内松梢取食试验测试了单组分及两两混合后对云南切梢小蠹寄主定位行为的干扰作用。结果表明： 源于阔叶植物的3种绿叶挥发性物质及其混合物能够不同程度干扰云南切梢小蠹的寄主定位行为。当虫放入广口瓶12 h后, 3个单组分绿叶挥发性物质处理组［A： (E)-2-己烯醛, P＜0.01; B： (E)-2-己烯醇, P＜0.01; C： (Z)-3-己烯醇, P＜0.01］及2个混合组分［D： (E)-2-己烯醛+(E)-2-己烯醇, P＜0.01）; E： (E)-2-己烯醛+(Z)-3-己烯醇, P＜0.01］中滞留在松梢外部的虫数与对照组相比都有显著性差异, 绿叶挥发性物质的存在显著降低了云南切梢小蠹侵害云南松松梢的概率。但是, 24 h后只有D组（P＜0.01）和E组（P＜0.01）滞留在松梢外部的虫数与对照组相比具有显著性差异, 在48 h后只有D组（P＜0.01）与对照相比仍具有显著性差异。本研究为利用非寄主植物的次生代谢产物防治云南切梢小蠹进行了有益的探索。     

喀斯特季节性雨林蚬木种群的增长模型

蚬木是喀斯特季节性雨林的优势种和特征种,研究蚬木种群的增长过程将为深入理解喀斯特季节性雨林动态提供基础。根据一个15hm2固定样地的调查数据,采用logistic模型及其4种改进模型对蚬木种群的增长过程进行了拟合,用残差平方和、决定系数和AIC准则对拟合的模型进行评价。结果表明:李新运模型和刘金福模型的拟合效果较好,但综合考虑模型的拟合效果和模型的简洁性,logistic模型和S形增长过程模型为较优模型。用logistic模型对蚬木种群的增长过程进行深入分析发现,种群增长最快的时期为50a左右,而在150a后,种群逐渐进入增长饱和期。种群目前接近增长饱和期,所以应加强保护,以维持蚬木群落的稳定发展。     

Enhanced aerobic granulation and nitrogen removal by the addition of zeolite powder in a sequencing batch reactor

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of zeolite powders on feasibility of rapid aerobic granulation in the column-type sequencing batch reactors. After 90 days' operation, aerobic granular sludge was formed in both reactors by altering influent chemical oxygen demand/nitrogen (COD/N) ratios. R1 with zeolite powders had better removal capabilities of COD and total nitrogen than R2, which was without zeolite powders. Mixed liquor volatile suspended solid concentrations of the two reactors were 7.36 and 5.45 g/L, while sludge volume index (SVI₃₀) values were 34.9 and 47.9 mg/L, respectively. The mean diameters of aerobic granular sludge in the above two reactors were 2.5 and 1.5 mm, respectively. Both reactors achieved the largest simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) efficiency at an influent COD/N ratio of 8; however, R1 exhibited more excellent SND efficiency than R2. The obtained results could provide a novel technique for rapid aerobic granulation and N removal simultaneously, especially when treating nitrogen-rich industrial wastewater.     

番茄潜叶蛾幼虫肠道可培养细菌结构组成及对大分子化合物的降解作用研究

番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta是一种世界毁灭性番茄害虫。为明确其幼虫肠道可培养细菌的多样性及功能,本研究采用LB和NA两种培养基分别对番茄潜叶蛾幼虫肠道细菌组成进行了分离培养,根据细菌菌落形态和16S rDNA序列分析对细菌进行种属鉴定,采用比浊法测定了优势种的生长曲线,并采用透明圈法测定了肠道各可培养细菌对大分子化合物淀粉和纤维素的降解能力。结果表明,从番茄潜叶蛾3龄幼虫肠道中共分离到27株细菌,分属于3门10科17属24种,优势门、科、属、种分别是变形菌门Proteobacteria、欧文氏菌科Erwiniaceae、欧文氏菌属Erwinia、Erwinia iniecta,其相对多度分别达到90.68%、89.41%、89.41%和89.41%。优势种Erwinia iniecta在25℃,180 r/min的条件下培养无迟缓期,0~14 h为对数生长期,14~28 h为稳定期,28 h以后为衰亡期。Glutamicibacter属的L7和L9、考克氏菌属Kocuria的L14和短状杆菌属Brachybacterium的L20能同时降解淀粉和纤维素,考克氏菌属Kocuria的L15和L17只能降解淀粉,欧文氏菌属Erwinia的L、动性球菌属Planococcus的L11、微杆菌属Microbacterium的L18和Prolinoborus属的L22只能降解纤维素,其他菌株无淀粉和纤维素降解能力。综上所述,番茄潜叶蛾幼虫含有24种肠道可培养细菌,种类较为丰富,且部分细菌对淀粉和纤维素大分子化合物具有较强的降解作用,该结果将为番茄潜叶蛾肠道细菌多样性及其功能的深入研究提供依据,同时还为功能细菌的开发利用提供菌株。     

对淤血再灌注肠神经组织损伤机制的探讨

目的:建立大鼠肠淤血再灌注动物模型,探讨淤血再灌注肠神经组织损伤的机制,为临床相关疾病的诊断、治疗提供理论依据.方法:成年Wistar大鼠60只,雌雄不限,随机分为正常组、对照组和实验组,每组20只.实验组采用阻断门静脉1h后开放的方法建立大鼠小肠淤血再灌注模型,对照组只进行同样腹部手术操作但不夹闭门静脉,正常组不手术.6小时后取各组下腔静脉血,测定血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,然后处死动物,取距回盲部15厘米处肠管1厘米,采用伊红-苏木素(HE)染色观察肠粘膜组织形态学变化;用免疫组织化学方法观察正常组、对照组和实验组小肠壁肠神经组织中微管相关蛋白2(MAP-2)的表达情况.结果:HE染色可见,正常组、对照组为正常肠道管壁结构,实验组肠壁各层有比较明显的淤血、出血,小肠绒毛固有层水肿,黏膜上皮有脱落、坏死;实验组MAP-2的表达明显低于正常组及对照组(P＜0.05);与正常组及对照组相比较,实验组SOD活性明显降低(P＜0.05),MDA的含量则明显升高(P＜0.05).结论:肠淤血再灌注可能导致肠道神经元数量减少,其机制可能与肠淤血再灌注造成的自由基损伤和脂质过氧化有关.     

A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the archetypal multipotent progenitor cells derived in cultures of developed organs, are of unknown identity and native distribution. We have prospectively identified perivascular cells, principally pericytes, in multiple human organs including skeletal muscle, pancreas, adipose tissue, and placenta, on CD146, NG2, and PDGF-Rbeta expression and absence of hematopoietic, endothelial, and myogenic cell markers. Perivascular cells purified from skeletal muscle or nonmuscle tissues were myogenic in culture and in vivo. Irrespective of their tissue origin, long-term cultured perivascular cells retained myogenicity; exhibited at the clonal level osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic potentials; expressed MSC markers; and migrated in a culture model of chemotaxis. Expression of MSC markers was also detected at the surface of native, noncultured perivascular cells. Thus, blood vessel walls harbor a reserve of progenitor cells that may be integral to the origin of the elusive MSCs and other related adult stem cells.     

不同pH水平下两种菌根真菌对紫云英生长的影响及其相互作用

设计在不同pH水平（4.3、5.1、5.8、6.8）下两种VA菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Gigaspora margarita对紫云英Astragalus sinicus进行单接种、混合接种及无接种对照的盆栽实验。对紫云英地上和地下部分生物量、根部侵染率、SDH和ALP酶活进行了检测。实验结果表明：紫云英的生长效应与VA菌根真菌的侵染率及两种酶活成明显相关性。土壤pH升高,单接种Glomus mosseae和混合接种的侵染率也随之升高,而单接种Gigaspora margarita的侵染率呈现