Genotype-specific interactions and the trade-off between host and parasite fitness

Background  

Evolution of parasite traits is inextricably linked to their hosts. For instance one common definition of parasite virulence is the reduction in host fitness due to infection. Thus, traits of infection must be viewed in both protagonists and may be under shared genetic and physiological control. We investigated these questions on the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis (= parasitica), a natural pathogen of the Brassicaceae Arabidopsis thaliana.     

Extracellular and cell-associated forms of beta-glucosidase in Thermomonospora curvata

The thermophilic actinomycete, Thermomonospora curvata , released 16-times the beta-glucosidase when grown on protein-extracted lucerne fibre compared with growth on cellobiose or purified cellulose. The intracellular and extracellular betaglucosidases had the same mol. wts (66 kD), but the extracellular enzyme had higher affinities for both p -nitrophenyl glucoside and cellobiose and was more resistant to thermal inactivation.     

Photoconversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3 in synthetic phospholipid bilayers

The incorporation of 7-dehydrocholesterol into synthetic phospholipid bilayers altered the distribution of products after photolysis. In liposomes, the relative amounts of 7-dehydrocholesterol and lumisterol were elevated, and tachysterol was reduced from the levels observed in hexane solution. Z to E isomerization of the previtamin to tachysterol is favored in organic solvents. The inhibition of this process is evidence that an ordered lipid matrix places a new constraint on the conformation of the ring B fission product--one in which the configuration is favorable for a return to a cyclized diene. Further, rate enhancements of up to 15-fold were observed for the thermal isomerization of the previtamin to vitamin D3 in liposomes. The free energies of activation for the reaction at 25 degrees C were reduced by 1.3-1.5 kcal/mol in the bilayer environment compared to that of hexane. As this reaction involves the concerted transfer of a hydrogen via a cyclic intermediate, it provides additional evidence for membrane stabilization of an all-cis conformation of the previtamin. Photoproduct ratios were also studied for 7-dehydrocholesterol adsorbed to a variety of solid supports. That nonspecific interactions of 7-dehydrocholesterol with lipid can influence product formation may have important implications with respect to the mechanism of vitamin D3 biosynthesis.     

The reduction of alpha-ketocarboxylic acids and alpha-dicarbonyl compounds with titanium(III) chloride

Thirteen model alpha-ketocarboxylic acids and alpha-dicarbonyl compounds have been observed to be reduced by titanium(III) chloride. The products of these reactions were shown by melting (boiling) points, mixed melting points, derivatives, refractive indices, infrared, and NMR comparisons with authentic compounds or literature information to be the corresponding alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acids or alpha-hydroxyketones.     

Cyclic nucleotide alterations in mixed leukocyte reaction: a preliminary report

Endogenous cyclic adenosine and guanosine monophosphate (cAMP, cGMP) levels were studied in human peripheral blood lymphocytes during mixed leukocyte reactions (MLR). cAMP level was consistently elevated in one-way MLR, with good correlation to 3H-thymidine uptake in these reactions. In contrast, cGMP level was practically unchanged. Irradiation of reacting cell populations resulted in inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. These results suggest that metabolic alterations in cAMP may be associated with immune reactions of cellular recognition.     

A comparison of the respiratory chain in particles from Paracoccus denitrificans and bovine heart mitochondria by EPR spectroscopy

A study is presented on the EPR characteristics of the paramagnetic groups in the respiratory chain present in membrane particles of Paracoccus denitrificans, the respiratory system of which is very similar to that in submitochondrial particles from beef heart. All paramagnetic prosthetic groups of the mitochondrial system are also found in the bacterial plasma membrane. Their properties suggest that the respiratory groups are embedded in very similar protein environments in the two systems.     

CoPE: a collaborative pedigree drawing environment.

SUMMARY: We developed a collaborative pedigree environment called CoPE. This environment includes a Java program for drawing pedigrees and a standardized system for pedigree storage. Unlike other existing pedigree programs, this software is particularly intended for epidemiologists in the sense that it allows customized automatic drawing of large numbers of pedigrees and remote and distributed consultation of pedigrees. AVAILABILITY: At http://www.infobiogen.fr/services/CoPE