银缕梅叶器官的宏观与微观结构及系统意义

银缕梅〔Ｓｈａｎｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｓｕｂａｅｑｕａｌｅ（Ｃｈａｎｇ）Ｄｅｎｇ,ＷｅｉｅｔＷａｎｇ〕叶表皮毛为星状毛,气孔器为平列式中周缘型,叶缘齿型为弗特吉型,叶肉栅栏组织一层细胞厚,三叶隙三叶迹的节,从茎节到叶之间的维管束呈分离合并分离的变化格局,并且呈续次合并和续次分离发育模式。这些结果进而说明银缕梅属的独立性,也从一个侧面证明它应属于狭义的弗特吉族（Ｆｏｔｈｅｒｇｉｌｅａｅ）。     

Single‐Crystalline Ultrathin Co3O4 Nanosheets with Massive Vacancy Defects for Enhanced Electrocatalysis

The role of vacancy defects is demonstrated to be positive in various energy‐related processes. However, introducing vacancy defects into single‐crystalline nanostructures with given facets and studying their defect effect on electrocatalytic properties remains a great challenge. Here this study deliberately introduces oxygen defects into single‐crystalline ultrathin Co₃O₄ nanosheets with O‐terminated {111} facets by mild solvothermal reduction using ethylene glycol under alkaline condition. As‐prepared defect‐rich Co₃O₄ nanosheets show a low overpotential of 220 mV with a small Tafel slope of 49.1 mV dec^?1 for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which is among the best Co‐based OER catalysts to date and even more active than the state‐of‐the‐art IrO₂ catalyst. Such vacancy defects are formed by balancing with reducing environments under solvothermal conditions, but are surprisingly stable even after 1000 cycles of scanning under OER working conditions. Density functional theory plus U calculation attributes the enhanced performance to the oxygen vacancies and consequently exposed second‐layered Co metal sites, which leads to the lowered OER activation energy of 2.26 eV and improved electrical conductivity. This mild solvothermal reduction concept opens a new door for the understanding and future designing of advanced defect‐based electrocatalysts.     

Characterization of Calpain-Mediated Proteolysis of GluR1 Subunits of α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methylisoxazole-4-Propionate Receptors in Rat Brain

Abstract: Previous results have indicated that GluR1 subunits of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors are targets of calpain. In the present study, we determined the effects of calpain treatment of synaptic membranes on GluR1 subunits using western blots with antibodies directed against the C-terminal (C-Ab) and the N-terminal (N-Ab) domains of the proteins, and compared them with the effects of calcium treatment of frozen-thawed brain sections. Calpain treatment of synaptic membranes resulted in a large decrease in the GluR1 band (105 kDa) labeled with C-Ab and in the formation of a doublet band labeled with N-Ab due to the appearance of a new species of GluR1 (98 kDa). These effects were blocked almost completely by calpain inhibitors. Calpain-induced changes in GluR1 immunological properties were not associated with modifications of [³H]AMPA or 6-cyano-7-[³H]nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione ([³H]CNQX) binding. Treatment of frozen-thawed brain sections with concentrations of calcium as low as 0.2 m M resulted in a large decrease in the 105-kDa GluR1 band and in the concurrent appearance of the 98-kDa band. This treatment was associated with increased [³H]AMPA and [³H]CNQX binding. These results suggest that there exist several types/states of GluR1 subunits exhibiting different sensitivities to calpain. Our data also indicate the existence of additional calcium-dependent processes regulating the characteristics of receptors in intact tissues.     

Studies on anabolic steroids--12. Epimerization and degradation of anabolic 17 beta-sulfate-17 alpha-methyl steroids in human: qualitative and quantitative GC/MS analysis.

The epimerization and dehydration reactions of the 17 beta-hydroxy group of anabolic 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl steroids have been investigated using the pyridinium salts of 17 beta-sulfate derivatives of methandienone 1, methyltestosterone 4, oxandrolone 7, mestanolone 10 and stanozolol 11 as model compounds. Rearrangement of the sulfate conjugates in buffered urine (pH 5.2) afforded the corresponding 17-epimers and 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-13(14)-enes in a ratio of 0.8:1. These data indicated that both epimerization and dehydration of the 17 beta-sulfate derivatives were not dependent upon the respective chemical features of the steroids studied, but were instead inherent to the chemistry of the tertiary 17 beta-hydroxy group of these steroids. Interestingly, in vivo studies carried out with human male volunteers showed that only methandienone 1, methyltestosterone 4 and oxandrolone 7 yielded the corresponding 17-epimers 2, 5 and 8 and the 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-13(14)-enes 3, 6 and 9 in ratios of 0.5:1, 2:1 and 2.7:1, respectively. No trace of the corresponding 17-epimers and 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-13(14)-enes derivatives of mestanolone 10 and stanozolol 11 was detected in urine samples collected after administration of these steroids. These data suggested that the in vivo formation of the 17-epimers and 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-13(14)-enes derivatives of 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl steroids is also dependent upon phase I and phase II metabolic reactions other than sulfation of the tertiary 17 beta-hydroxyl group, which are probably modulated by the respective chemical features of the steroidal substrates. The data reported in this study demonstrate that the 17-epimers and 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-13(14)-enes are not artifacts resulting from the acidic or microbial degradation of the parent steroids in the gut as previously suggested by other authors, but arise from the rearrangement of their 17 beta-sulfate derivatives. Unchanged oxandrolone 7 was solely detected in the unconjugated steroid fraction whereas unchanged steroids 1, 4 and 11 were recovered from the glucuronide fraction. These data are indirect evidences suggesting that the glucuronide conjugates of compounds 1 and 4 are probably enol glucuronides and that of compound 11 is excreted in urine as a N-glucuronide involving its pyrazole moiety. The urinary excretion profiles of the epimeric and 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-13(14)-ene steroids are presented and discussed on the basis of their structural features.     

Effects of Spirogyra arcta on biomass and structure of submerged macrophyte communities

The presence of algae can greatly reduce the amount of light that reaches submerged macrophytes, but few experimental studies have been conducted to examine the effects of algae on biomass and structure of submerged macrophyte communities. We constructed communities with four submerged macrophytes (Hydrilla verticillata, Egeria densa, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Chara vulgaris) in three environments in which 0 (control), 50 and 100% of the water surface was covered by Spirogyra arcta. Compared to the control treatment, the 100% spirogyra treatment decreased biomass of the submerged macrophyte communities and of all the four macrophytes except C. demersum. Compared to the control and 50% treatments, the 100% treatment significantly increased relative abundance of C. demersum and decreased that of E. densa. Therefore, the presence of S. arcta can greatly affect the productivity and alter the structure of submerged macrophyte communities. To restore submerged macrophyte communities in conditions with abundant algae, assembling communities consisting of C. demersum or similar species may be a good practice.     

豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因的克隆

利用RT-PCR的方法,从豇豆种子,子叶及成熟叶片中分别提取RNA,反转录后以该基因两端的保守序列为引物进行PCR扩增,PCR产物与pUCm-T载体连接进行克隆,蓝白筛选重组子,经测序,其核苷酸同源性高达100%,蛋白质同源性达91%。本试验同时对该基因的表达时期差异进行了大致检测。结果是种子的表达量最高,子叶其次,成熟叶中最低。     

槭属的系统演化与地理分布

槭属（Acer L．）属槭树科（Aceraceae）,200种,分布于亚、欧、北美和非洲北缘。本文研究了槭属的系统演化、地理分布、起源与扩散。认为：（1）槭树科与无患于科关系密切,槭属是槭树科2属中较进化的类群。（2）在原始而典型的槭属植物的基础上,槭属沿花的各部减少,有的器官甚至向完全退化的方向演化,但也有少数向增加数目的方向特化。（3）讨论了槭属4亚属23组的演化趋势,并绘制出其系统演化图。（4）槭属起源于侏罗纪的中国四川东部、湖北、湖南及其邻近地区,并向西、东北和南方扩散而进入西亚、欧洲、非洲北缘、北美洲和马来半岛至印尼。     

IgA肾病患者与健康人肠道菌群的比较

目的通过16S rRNA高通量基因测序方法对IgA肾病患者与健康人的肠道菌群进行比较。方法纳入生活于同一地区的40例IgA肾病患者与10例健康人,收集研究对象的新鲜粪便样本,提取粪便细菌总DNA,通过PCR扩增后上机测序,然后进行可操作分类单元聚类、物种分类分析及Alpha多样性分析、Beta多样性分析,最后比较两组之间的肠道菌群差异。结果与健康人相比,IgA肾病患者肠道菌群丰富度指数(Ace、Chao1)下降(u=2.308,P=0.033;u=2.259,P=0.039),多样性指数(Shannon、Simpson)升高(u=5.370,P0.001;u=4.601,P=0.007);相对丰度方面,IgA肾病患者的厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门细菌数量增加(t=2.301,P=0.037;t=6.729,P=0.005;t=5.285,P=0.006),而变形菌门细菌数量减少(t=4.138,P=0.009);拟杆菌属、链球菌属细菌数量增加(t=9.037,P=0.003;t=6.001,P=0.008),而unidentified_Enterobacteriaceae数量减少(t=2.198,P=0.033)。PCoA图提示两组肠道菌群有显著差异。LDA差异贡献分析发现两组之间共有15个物种存在显著差异,其中造成显著差异影响力最大的5个物种依次是γ-变形菌纲、unidentified_Enterobacteriaceae、肠杆菌科、肠杆菌目、变形菌门(t=9.930,P=0.002;t=2.198,P=0.033;t=2.604,P=0.015;t=2.393,P=0.021;t=4.138,P=0.009),它们刚好落在同一个进化树上,在IgA肾病组的相对丰度显著降低。结论 IgA肾病患者存在肠道菌群失调,显著减少的肠杆菌科的未知属可能是IgA肾病的特征菌,其对机体免疫的影响及在IgA肾病发生发展中的作用尚不清楚,进一步研究可能为IgA肾病的防治提供新的靶点。