全文获取类型
收费全文 | 938篇 |
免费 | 54篇 |
专业分类
992篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 19篇 |
2021年 | 47篇 |
2020年 | 25篇 |
2019年 | 41篇 |
2018年 | 35篇 |
2017年 | 31篇 |
2016年 | 36篇 |
2015年 | 59篇 |
2014年 | 55篇 |
2013年 | 65篇 |
2012年 | 80篇 |
2011年 | 64篇 |
2010年 | 40篇 |
2009年 | 31篇 |
2008年 | 44篇 |
2007年 | 41篇 |
2006年 | 30篇 |
2005年 | 39篇 |
2004年 | 20篇 |
2003年 | 36篇 |
2002年 | 22篇 |
2001年 | 20篇 |
2000年 | 14篇 |
1999年 | 10篇 |
1998年 | 6篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 5篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 3篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 2篇 |
1965年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有992条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
72.
Luciana Filgueira Pereira Elisa Lucatti Luiz Carlos Basso Marcos Antonio de Morais Jr 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》2014,105(3):481-489
The yeast Dekkera bruxellensis is considered to be very well adapted to industrial environments, in Brazil, USA, Canada and European Countries, when different substrates are used in alcoholic fermentations. Our previous study described its fermentative profile with a sugarcane juice substrate. In this study, we have extended its physiological evaluation to fermentation situations by using sugarcane molasses as a substrate to replicate industrial working conditions. The results have confirmed the previous reports of the low capacity of D. bruxellensis cells to assimilate sucrose, which seems to be the main factor that can cause a bottleneck in its use as fermentative yeast. Furthermore, the cells of D. bruxellensis showed a tendency to deviate most of sugar available for biomass and organic acids (lactic and acetic) compared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, when calculated on the basis of their respective yields. As well as this, the acetate production from molasses medium by both yeasts was in marked contrast with the previous data on sugarcane juice. Glycerol and ethanol production by D. bruxellensis cells achieved levels of 33 and 53 % of the S. cerevisiae, respectively. However, the ethanol yield was similar for both yeasts. It is worth noting that this yeast did not accumulate trehalose when the intracellular glycogen content was 30 % lower than in S. cerevisiae. The lack of trehalose did not affect yeast viability under fermentation conditions. Thus, the adaptive success of D. bruxellensis under industrial fermentation conditions seems to be unrelated to the production of these reserve carbohydrates. 相似文献
73.
74.
Tatiana F. Souto Sérgio F. Aquino Silvana Q. Silva Carlos A. L. Chernicharo 《Biodegradation》2010,21(3):411-424
The main objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of incubating conditions on the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) test in order to harmonize the test protocol. For this serum bottles were incubated with anaerobic sludge (from UASB reactor treating domestic sewage) in factorial planned experiments which assessed the influence of the temperature, substrate concentration, food/microorganism (F/M) ratio, presence of yeast extract in the medium, as well as type of carbon and nutrient solution. The results showed that the tested methane measuring methods (volumetric with biogas characterization, volumetric with gas wash in alkaline solution, and manometric by using the OxiTop® system) presented a similar performance. The maintenance of a small gaseous phase volume (e.g. 10% of the total volume) resulted in higher SMA values; and the ideal substrate concentration for the SMA test ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 gCOD/l since higher acetate concentration caused sludge inhibition. The suggested temperature for the test is 35°C and the best F/M ratio varied from 0.125 to 0.750 gCOD/gVS, and this seemed to be the most influent parameter for the SMA test. Finally tests performed with nutrient solution complemented by yeast extract resulted in the highest SMA values. 相似文献
75.
Bruna Martins Bezerra Antonio S. Souto Gareth Jones 《International journal of primatology》2010,31(5):759-778
The study of vocal behavior can reveal important aspects of how and why a species communicates in relation to ecological and
social challenges. We here focus on vocal communication in golden-backed uakaris (Cacajao melanocephalus), diurnal, pitheciine monkeys that exhibit fission-fusion social organization and typically inhabit dense forests that limit
the potential for visual communication. Moreover, the species spends little time engaged in tactile or olfactory communication,
e.g., social grooming and scent marking, respectively. Hence, vocalizations may be very important for the coordination of
social organization in these monkeys. We 1) categorized golden-backed uakari vocalizations, 2) ascertained their behavioral
context, and 3) investigated whether golden-backed uakari calls can encode information about the signaler. We observed the
monkeys during 2 wet seasons in the flooded igapó forest of Jaú National Park, Brazil. We showed that golden-backed uakaris
have 9 call types in their vocal repertoire, all distinguishable by ear and from analysis of spectrograms. Some calls, e.g.,
play-specific calls, were used only in particular behavioral contexts, and by individuals of specific age, whereas others
were emitted under a range of situations. The structure of the loud tchó call varied among individuals, and according to behavioral context, i.e., whether individuals were foraging/feeding, traveling,
or performing agonistic interactions. This knowledge of the species’ vocal repertoire is valuable for surveying the monkeys
acoustically in habitats where visual surveys are difficult. 相似文献
76.
Bergo ES Souto RN Galardo AK Nagaki SS Calado DC Sallum MA 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2007,102(3):373-376
Identification of Anopheles nuneztovari Gabaldón and An. goeldii Rozeboom and Gabaldón based on the male genitalia traits is discussed. An. goeldii is in the synonymy of An. nuneztovari, however, characters of the aedeagus of male genitalia distinguish both species. We hypothesize that An. goeldii may be a valid species, however, further studies using molecular characters, especially ITS2 rDNA sequences will be necessary to elucidate the taxonomic status of the species. An. konderi Galv?o and Damasceno and An. forattinii Wilkerson and Sallum are registered for the first time in the state of Amapá. 相似文献
77.
An ovitrap (BR-OVT) based on physical and chemical stimuli for attracting gravid Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) females was developed and evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Attractants were assayed using alternative chamber bioassays prior to being used in the BR-OVT oviposition trap. A significant preference of gravid females for sites containing conspecific egg rafts was observed, as a response to the natural oviposition pheromone, as well as for sites treated with the synthetic pheromone erythro-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide. Five- to 20-day old grass infusion was strongly attractive to gravid females for laying eggs. On the other hand, entomopathogenic Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) did not influence the choice of an oviposition site when used in combination with grass infusion and can therefore be used as a larvicide in ovitraps. Results from field trials showed that the BR-OVT with grass infusion and with or without Bs works as a preferred oviposition site for Cx. quinquefasciatus. The BR-OVT was more effective for egg collection when placed indoors and comparison with the number of egg rafts laid in cesspits over 40 days indicates that this very simple ovitrap may be a useful tool for monitoring populations of the most important of the vectors of bancroftian filariasis. 相似文献
78.
Lopes AC Rodrigues JF Clementino MB Miranda CA Nascimento AP de Morais Júnior MA 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2007,102(7):827-832
PCR analysis of 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (PCR ribotyping) and tRNA intergenic spacer (tDNA-PCR) were evaluated for their effectiveness in identification of clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and differentiation with related species. For this purpose both methods were applied to forty-three clinical isolates biochemically identified as K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae isolated from patients clinical specimens attended at five hospitals in three Brazilian cities. References strains of K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae, K. oxytoca, K. planticola and Enterobacter aerogenes were also analyzed. Both PCR methods showed specific patterns for each species. A conserved PCR ribotype pattern was observed for all clinical K. pneumoniae isolates, while differing from other related analyzed species. tDNA-PCR revealed five distinct patterns among the K. pneumoniae clinical isolates studied, demonstrating a predominant group with 90.6% of isolates presenting the same pattern of K. pneumoniae type strain. Both PCR-based methods were not able to differentiate K. pneumoniae subspecies. On the basis of the results obtained, both methods were efficient to differentiate the Klebsiella species analyzed, as well as E. aerogenes. Meanwhile tDNA-PCR revealed different tRNA arrangements in K. pneumoniae, suggesting intra-species heterogeneity of their genome organization, the polymorphism of the intergenic spacers between 16S and 23S rRNA genes appears to be highly conserved whithin K. pneumoniae clinical isolates, showing that PCR ribotyping can be an useful tool for identification of K. pneumoniae isolates. 相似文献
79.
Ana Carolina Luchiari Cristiane Regina do Amaral Duarte Fúlvio Aurélio de Morais Freire Kari Nissinen 《Journal of Ethology》2007,25(2):169-175
We studied the colour preference of isolated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and whether previous residence or body size can affect environmental colour choice. In the first phase, a cylindrical tank
was divided into five differently coloured compartments (yellow, blue, green, white and red), a single fish was introduced
into the tank and the frequency at which this fish visited each compartment was recorded over a 2-day study period. An increasingly
larger fish (approx +2 cm in length each time) was then added into the tank on each of days 3, 5 and 7 (=four fish in the
tank by day 7), and the frequency at which each fish visited the different compartments of the tank was observed twice a day
to obtain visit frequency data on the differently sized fishes. This experiment was replicated six times. In the first phase,
the solitary fish established residence inside the yellow compartment on the first and second days. Following the
introduction of a larger fish, the smaller fish was displaced from the occupied compartment. Nile tilapia possibly shows this
preference for yellow as a function of its visual spectral sensitivity and/or the spectral characteristics of its natural
environment. Moreover, body size is an important factor in determining hierarchical dominance and territorial defence, and
dominant fish chose the preferred environmental colour compartment as their territory. 相似文献
80.
Neves FO Abreu PA Vasconcellos SA de Morais ZM Romero EC Nascimento AL 《Archives of microbiology》2007,188(5):523-532
This study examined four genes encoding for predicted membrane proteins selected from the genome sequences of Leptospira interrogans. Genes were cloned and the proteins expressed in E. coli. Immunoblotting analysis of the recombinants with sera from early and convalescent phases of a leptospirosis patient showed
that two proteins, namely Lp29 and Lp49, were reactive with serum from both phases of the illness. These data were further
confirmed in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using sera from both phases of seventeen confirmed leptospirosis specimens,
suggesting that these proteins are presented to the host immune system during infection. In the early phase, anti-Lp29 IgM
was detected in all sera when microscopic agglutination tests (MAT), the reference method for diagnosis of leptospirosis,
were negative. The gene encoding Lp49 is conserved among five tested leptospiral pathogenic serovars, while Lp29 is present
in serovars that are predominant in urban settings. These recombinant antigens might be valuable for serodiagnosis of both
phases of leptospirosis. 相似文献