Efficient Isolation of Novel Mouse Genes Differentially Expressed in Early Postimplantation Embryos

Most genes with regulatory functions in embryogenesis are expressed in highly specific patterns, suggesting that expression patterns can serve as criteria to define potential candidates fur developmentally relevant genes. To isolate such genes, we selected and partially sequenced 80 cDNA clones from a 10.5-day mouse embryo library. Forty-one clones that represented novel mouse genes were analyzed for expression in embryos of the same stage by whole-mount in situ hybridization. A high proportion (24%) of these genes, including a homologue of the Drosophila Delta gene, were expressed in specific spatially restricted patterns, suggesting that selection based on expression patterns is a useful strategy to isolate novel genes that may play pivotal roles in mammalian development.     

Impaired Recognition of Facially Expressed Emotions in Different Groups of Patients with Sleep Disorders

IntroductionRecently it has been shown that acute sleep loss has a direct impact on emotional processing in healthy individuals. Here we studied the effect of chronically disturbed sleep on emotional processing by investigating two samples of patients with sleep disorders.Methods25 patients with psychophysiologic insomnia (23 women and 2 men, mean age: 51.6 SD; 10.9 years), 19 patients with sleep apnea syndrome (4 women and 15 men, mean age: 51.9; SD 11.1) and a control sample of 24 subjects with normal sleep (15women and 9 men, mean age 45.3; SD 8.8) completed a Facial Expressed Emotion Labelling (FEEL) task, requiring participants to categorize and rate the intensity of six emotional expression categories: anger, anxiety, fear, happiness, disgust and sadness. Differences in FEEL score and its subscales among the three samples were analysed using ANOVA with gender as a covariate.ResultsBoth patients with psychophysiologic insomnia and patients with sleep apnea showed significantly lower performance in the FEEL test as compared to the control group. Differences were seen in the scales happiness and sadness. Patient groups did not differ from each other.ConclusionBy demonstrating that previously known effects of acute sleep deprivation on emotional processing can be extended to persons experiencing chronically disturbed sleep, our data contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between sleep loss and emotions.     

Clarification of animal cell cultures on a large scale by continuous centrifugation

Summary Animal cells from 80-L and 2000-L fed batch fermentations were removed by a prototype disc stack centrifuge in order to achieve a fast and reliable separation of solids from large quantities of cell culture fluids. The clarification capacity was excellent for animal cells but particles remained in the liquid phase and affected further downstream processing of the cell-free harvest fluid. No significant loss of product was observed. A number of parameters were monitored to optimize process conditions for use with animal cells.     

Sea Urchin Spines as a Model-System for Permeable, Light-Weight Ceramics with Graceful Failure Behavior. Part I. Mechanical Behavior of Sea Urchin Spines under Compression

The spines of pencil and lance urchins Heterocentrotus mammillatus and Phyllacanthus imperialis were studied as a modelof light-weight material with high impact resistance.The complex and variable skeleton construction (stereom) of body andspines of sea urchins consists of highly porous Mg-bearing calcium carbonate.This basically brittle material with pronouncedsingle-crystal cleavage does not fracture by spontaneous catastrophic device failure but by graceful failure over the range of tensof millimeter of bulk compression instead.This was observed in bulk compression tests and blunt indentation experiments onregular,infiltrated and latex coated sea urchin spine segments.Microstructural characterization was carried out using X-raycomputer tomography,optical and scanning electron microscopy.The behavior is interpreted to result from the hierarchicstructure of sea urchin spines from the rnacroscale down to the nanoscale.Guidelines derived from this study see ceramics withlayered porosity as a possible biomimetic construction for appropriate applications.     

Novel lipophilic amidate oxorhenium and oxotechnetium complexes as potential brain agents: synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation

Novel oxorhenium and oxotechnetium complexes based on the tetradentate 1-(2-hydroxybenzamido)-2-(pyridinecarboxamido)benzene, H3L, ligand have been synthesized and characterized herein. Thus, by reacting equimolar quantities of the triply deprotonated ligand L3- with the suitable MO3+ precursor, the following neutral MOL complexes could be easily produced following similar synthetic routes: M = Re (1), M = 99gTc (2), and M = 99mTc (3). Complexes 1 and 2, prepared in macroscopic amounts, were chemically characterized and their structure determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. They are isostructural metal chelates, adopting a distorted square pyramidal geometry around the metal. The N3O donor atom set of the tetradentate ligand defines the basal plane and the oxygen atom of the M = O core occupies the apex of the pyramid. Complex 3 forms quantitatively at tracer level by mixing the H3L ligand with Na99mTcO4 generator eluate in aqueous alkaline media and using tin chloride as reductant in the presence of citrate. Its structure was established by chromatographic comparison with prototypic complexes 1 and 2 using high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques. When challenged with excess glutathione in vitro, complex 3 is rapidly converted to hydrophilic unidentified metal species. Tissue distribution data after administration of complex 3 in vivo revealed a significant uptake and retention of this compound in brain tissue.     

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