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21.
MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTION IN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS: EVIDENCE FOR RECURRENT EPIZOOTICS IN THE WESTERN ATLANTIC AND GULF OF MEXICO 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pádraig J. Duignan Carol House Daniel K. Odell Randall S. Wells Larry J. Hansen Michael T. Walsh David J. St . Aubin Bert K. Rima Joseph R. Geraci 《Marine Mammal Science》1996,12(4):499-515
Morbillivirus infection is widespread among odontocetes of the western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Serologic evidence of infection in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus , was first detected during an epizootic along the mid-Atlantic coast in 1987. Here, we report recurrent epizootics in the coastal dolphin population since at least the early 1980s based on serological surveys and regional stranding frequencies. The first observed epizootic of this series occurred in the Indian and Banana Rivers in 1982 and was followed by others on the mid-Atlantic coast in 1987–1988 and in the Gulf of Mexico between 1992 and 1994. This temporal pattern of infection is likely facilitated by the population size and its fragmentation into relatively discrete coastal communities. Introduction of morbillivirus into a community with a sufficient number of naive hosts may precipitate an epizootic, depending on the potential for transmission within the group. Propagation of an epizootic along the coast is probably determined by frequency of contact between adjacent communities and seasonal migrations.
Morbillivirus antibodies were also detected in serum from offshore bottlenose dolphins. The sero-prevalence in the latter may be higher than in coastal dolphins because of their close association with enzootically infected pilot whales ( Globicephala spp.). Occasional contact between offshore and coastal dolphins may provide an epizootiologic link between pilot whales and coastal dolphin communities. 相似文献
Morbillivirus antibodies were also detected in serum from offshore bottlenose dolphins. The sero-prevalence in the latter may be higher than in coastal dolphins because of their close association with enzootically infected pilot whales ( Globicephala spp.). Occasional contact between offshore and coastal dolphins may provide an epizootiologic link between pilot whales and coastal dolphin communities. 相似文献
22.
A physiological role for paraoxonase (PON1) is still uncertain, but it catalyzes the hydrolysis of toxic organophosphates. Evidence that the human genome contains twoPON1-like genes, designatedPON2andPON3,is presented here. HumanPON1andPON2each have nine exons, and the exon/intron junctions occur at equivalent positions.PON1andPON2genes are both on chromosome 7 in human and on chromosome 6 in the mouse. Turkey and chicken, like most birds, lack paraoxonase activity and are very susceptible to organophosphates. However, they have aPON-like gene with 70% identity with humanPON1, PON2,andPON3.Another unexpected finding is that the deduced amino acid sequences of PON2 in human, mouse, dog, turkey, and chicken and of human PON3 are all missing the amino acid residue 105, which is lysine in human PON1. The expanded number ofPONgenes will have important implications for future experiments designed to discover the individual functions, catalytic properties, and physiological roles of the paraoxonases. 相似文献
23.
Nicholas C. Nicolaides Fabio Palombo Kenneth W. Kinzler Bert Vogelstein Josef Jiricny 《Genomics》1996,31(3):395
Defects in mismatch repair genes cause the genetic instability characteristic of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and a subset of sporadic colon tumors. The newest member of the mismatch repair gene family,GTBP, has recently been identified as a partial cDNA. Here, we describe the isolation of its 5′ terminus, allowing definition of the entire coding region. Several polymorphisms within the 5′ end were identified and are presented. 相似文献
24.
Erik A. van der Biezen Tatyana Glagotskaya Bert Overduin H. John J. Nijkamp Jacques Hille 《Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG》1995,247(4):453-461
The fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici produces AAL-toxins that function as chemical determinants of the Alternaria stem canker disease in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). In resistant cultivars, the disease is controlled by the Asc locus on chromosome 3. Our aim was to characterize novel sources of resistance to the fungus and of insensitivity to the host-selective AAL-toxins. To that end, the degree of sensitivity of wild tomato species to AAL-toxins was analyzed. Of all members of the genus Lycopersicon, only L. cheesmanii was revealed to be sensitive to AAL-toxins and susceptible to fungal infection. Besides moderately insensitive responses from some species, L. pennellii and L. peruvianum were shown to be highly insensitive to AAL-toxins as well as resistant to the pathogen. Genetic analyses showed that high insensitivity to AAL-toxins from L. pennellii is inherited in tomato as a single complete dominant locus. This is in contrast to the incomplete dominance of insensitivity to AAL-toxins of L. esculentum. Subsequent classical genetics, RFLP mapping and allelic testing indicated that high insensitivity to AAL-toxins from L. pennellii is conferred by a new allele of the Asc locus. 相似文献
25.
26.
Simon C. Allen K. Ravi Acharya Kathleen A. Palmer Robert Shapiro Bert L. Vallee Harold A. Scheraga 《Journal of Protein Chemistry》1994,13(7):649-658
The three-dimensional structure of human angiogenin has been determined by X-ray crystallography and is compared here with an earlier model which predicted its structure, based on the homology of angiogenin with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. Comparison of the predicted model and crystal structure shows that the active-site histidine residues and the core of the angiogenin molecule, including most of the-strands and-helices, were predicted reasonably well. However, the structure of the surface loop regions and residues near the truncated C-terminus differs significantly. The C-terminal segment includes the active-site residues Asp-116, Gln-117, and Ser-118; Gln-117 in particular has been shown to be important in affecting the ribonucleolytic activity of angiogenin. Also, the orientation of one helix in the model differed from the orientation observed experimentally by about 20°, resulting in a large displacement of this chain segment. The difficulty encountered in predicting the surface loop regions has led to a new algorithm [Palmer and Scheraga (1991),J. Comput. Chem.,12, 505–526; (1992),J. Comput. Chem.,13, 329–350] for predicting the conformations of surface loops. 相似文献
27.
Colonies of the ponerine antPachycondyla tridentata from Malaysia occur with and without queens. In a total of 7 colonies we found more than 80% of the workers to be mated,
irrespective of the presence or absence of queens. This is a hitherto unknown social organisation in ants. Queens and workers
competed equally for reproduction. In the colonies investigated several ants were laying eggs. Behavioral observations revealed
persistent dominance interactions between colony members. A few ants, but not necessarily a queen, occupied top positions.
Removal of the most dominant ants led to a new hierarchy in which subordinate ants with developed ovaries were attacked significantly
more frequently than non-reproductive ants. On the average, callows were more aggressive than older subordinate ants, displacing
most of the older laying workers in one colony. Nestmate recognition tests revealed that non-reproductive ants were much more
aggressive towards foreign ants than were ants with developed ovaries. 相似文献
28.
Mismatch Repair Genes on Chromosomes 2p and 3p Account for a Major Share of Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Families Evaluable by Linkage 总被引:17,自引:1,他引:16 下载免费PDF全文
Minna Nystrm-Lahti Ramon Parsons Pertti Sistonen Lea Pylkknen Lauri A. Aaltonen Fredrick S. Leach Stanley R. Hamilton Patrice Watson Earlene Bronson Ramon Fusaro Jennifer Cavalieri Jane Lynch Stephen Lanspa Tom Smyrk Patrick Lynch Thomas Drouhard Kenneth W. Kinzler Bert Vogelstein Henry T. Lynch Albert de la Chapelle Pivi Peltomki 《American journal of human genetics》1994,55(4):659-665
Two susceptibility loci for hereditary nonpolyposis colo-rectal cancer (HNPCC) have been identified, and each contains a mismatch repair gene: MSH2 on chromosome 2p and MLH1 on chromosome 3p. We studied the involvement of these loci in 13 large HNPCC kindreds originating from three different continents. Six families showed close linkage to the 2p locus, and a heritable mutation of the MSH2 gene was subsequently found in four. The 2p-linked kindreds included a family characterized by the lack of extracolonic manifestations (Lynch I syndrome), as well as two families with cutaneous manifestations typical of the Muir-Torre syndrome. Four families showed evidence for linkage to the 3p locus, and a heritable mutation of the MLH1 gene was later detected in three. One 3p-linked kindred was of Amerindian origin. Of the remaining three families studied for linkage, one showed lod scores compatible with exclusion of both MSH2 and MLH1, while lod scores obtained in the other two families suggested exclusion of one HNPCC locus (MSH2 or MLH1) but were uninformative for markers flanking the other locus. Our results suggest that mismatch repair genes on 2p and 3p account for a major share of HNPCC in kindreds that can be evaluated by linkage analysis. 相似文献
29.
Insect resistance of transgenic plants that express modified Bacillus thuringiensis cryIA(b) and cryIC genes: a resistance management strategy 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
30.
Wounding of plants by insects is often mimicked in the laboratory by mechanical means such as cutting or crushing, and has not been compared directly with other forms of biotic stress such as virus infection. To compare the response of plants to these types of biotic and abiotic stress, trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity induced locally and systemically in mature tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants was followed for 12 days. In tobacco, cutting, crushing and insect feeding all induced comparable levels of TI activity of approx. 5 nmol·(mg leaf protein)?1 in wounded leaves, while tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection of tobacco induced 10-fold lower amounts in the infected leaves. In tomato, feeding by insects also led to the induction of a level of TI activity of 5 nmol·(mg leaf protein)?1. In contrast, both cutting and crushing of tomato leaves induced 10-fold higher amounts. These data show that biotic stress, in the form of insect feeding and TMV infection, and abiotic stress, in the form of wounding, have different effects on local levels of induced TI activity in mature tobacco and tomato plants. Irrespective of the type of wounding, in neither tobacco nor tomato could systemic induction of TI activity be observed in nearby unwounded leaves, which suggests that systemic induction of TI activity in mature tobacco and tomato plants is different from systemic TI induction in seedlings. Wounding of tobacco leaves, however, did increase the responsiveness to wounding elsewhere in the plant, as measured by an increased induction of TI activity. 相似文献