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991.
Lawrence G. Palmer Jack H. Y. Li Bernd Lindemann Isidore S. Edelman 《The Journal of membrane biology》1982,64(1-2):91-102
Summary Near-instantaneous current-voltage relationships and shot-noise analysis of amiloride-induced current fluctuations were used to estimate apical membrane permeability to Na (P
Na), intraepithelial Na activity (Na
c
), single-channel Na currents (i) and the number of open (conducting) apical Na channels (N0), in the urinary bladder of the toad (Bufo marinus). To facilitate voltageclamping of the apical membrane, the serosal plasma membranes were depolarized by substitution of a high KCl (85mm) sucrose (50mm) medium for the conventional Na-Ringer's solution on the serosal side.Aldosterone (5×10–7
m, serosal side only) elicited proportionate increases in the Na-specific current (I
Na and inP
Na, with no significant change in the dependence ofP
Na on mucosal Na (Na
o
).P
Na and the control ofP
Na by aldosterone were substrate-dependent: In substrate-depleted bladders, pretreatment with aldosterone markedly augmented the response to pyruvate (7.5×10–3
m) which evoked coordinate and equivalent increases inI
Na andP
Na.The aldosterone-dependent increase inP
Na was a result of an equivalent increase in the area density of conducting apical Na channels. The computed single-channel current did not change. We propose that, following aldosterone-induced protein synthesis, there is a reversible metabolically-dependent recruitment of preexisting Na channels from a reservoir of electrically undetectable channels. The results do not exclude the possibility of a complementary induction of Na-channel synthesis. 相似文献
992.
Two distinct cis-acting elements are involved in light-dependent activation of the pea elip promoter
Light activation of the pea (Pisum sativum) elip gene promoter was analysed in transgenic plants and in transiently transfected plant protoplasts. A series of promoter deletions fused to the gusA reporter was tested, and the results obtained by the two experimental approaches were in good agreement. We identified two nucleotide sequence elements involved in light-regulated expression of the elip gene. One element is similar to the GT1 binding site of the rbcS-3A gene, and the other resembles a G-box-like ACGT element. The region containing both elements was able to confer light responsiveness on a heterologous basic promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that each element is specifically recognized by DNA-binding proteins present in nuclear extracts from pea seedlings. The G-box-like ACGT element is necessary but not sufficient for light inducibility, indicating that the two elements act together in confering light responsiveness. 相似文献
993.
Bernd Conrad und Götz Rheinwald 《Journal of Ornithology》1981,122(1):93-94
Summary For investigations about changes of the genital system during breeding 7 female Great Tits were killed. Their carcasses were additionally examined for pesticide residues. The values of pesticides lay at the limit of indication, so that any damage for the population of Great Tits in the Siebengebirge (near Bonn) can be excluded. 相似文献
994.
Christian I. Schwer Cornelius Lehane Timo Guelzow Simone Zenker Karl M. Strosing Sashko Spassov Anika Erxleben Bernd Heimrich Hartmut Buerkle Matjaz Humar 《PloS one》2013,8(10)
Ischemic and traumatic brain injury is associated with increased risk for death and disability. The inhibition of penumbral tissue damage has been recognized as a target for therapeutic intervention, because cellular injury evolves progressively upon ATP-depletion and loss of ion homeostasis. In patients, thiopental is used to treat refractory intracranial hypertension by reducing intracranial pressure and cerebral metabolic demands; however, therapeutic benefits of thiopental-treatment are controversially discussed. In the present study we identified fundamental neuroprotective molecular mechanisms mediated by thiopental. Here we show that thiopental inhibits global protein synthesis, which preserves the intracellular energy metabolite content in oxygen-deprived human neuronal SK-N-SH cells or primary mouse cortical neurons and thus ameliorates hypoxic cell damage. Sensitivity to hypoxic damage was restored by pharmacologic repression of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase. Translational inhibition was mediated by calcium influx, activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase, and inhibitory phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2. Our results explain the reduction of cerebral metabolic demands during thiopental treatment. Cycloheximide also protected neurons from hypoxic cell death, indicating that translational inhibitors may generally reduce secondary brain injury. In conclusion our study demonstrates that therapeutic inhibition of global protein synthesis protects neurons from hypoxic damage by preserving energy balance in oxygen-deprived cells. Molecular evidence for thiopental-mediated neuroprotection favours a positive clinical evaluation of barbiturate treatment. The chemical structure of thiopental could represent a pharmacologically relevant scaffold for the development of new organ-protective compounds to ameliorate tissue damage when oxygen availability is limited. 相似文献
995.
Thornthan Sawangwan Christiane Goedl Bernd Nidetzky Professor 《Biotechnology journal》2010,5(2):187-191
Compatible solutes constitute a diverse class of low-molecular-mass organic molecules that are accumulated in high intracellular concentrations in response to the external stress of hyperosmolality or high temperature. Many of these compounds like α, α-trehalose are well known for their stabilizing effect on protein structure and could lead to development of more stable protein formulations. Negatively charged solutes like mannosylglycerate (R-2-O-α-D -mannopyranosyl-glycerate) are widespread among (hyper)thermophilic microorganisms and are thought to be exceptionally potent stabilizers of proteins under high-temperature denaturation conditions. To further inquire into the role of compound charge for protective function, we have compared two naturally occurring and structurally related solutes, glucosylglycerol (2-O-α-D -glucopyranosyl-sn-glycerol) and glucosylglycerate (R-2-O-α-D -glucopyranosyl-glycerate), as stabilizers of different enzymes undergoing inactivation through elevated temperature or freeze drying, and benchmarked their effects against that of α,α-trehalose. Glucosylglycerate in concentrations of ≥0.1 M was the most effective in preventing thermally induced loss of enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase, mannitol dehydrogenase, starch phosphorylase, and xylose reductase. α,α-Trehalose could usually be replaced by glucosylglycerol without compromising enzyme stability. Glucosylglycerol and glucosylglycerate afforded substantial (eightfold) protection to mannitol dehydrogenase during freeze drying. 相似文献
996.
Matthias Conrad Christian Hubold Bernd Fischer Achim Peters 《Journal of biological physics》2009,35(2):149-162
The hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) system is closely related to stress and the restoration of homeostasis. This system
is stimulated in the second half of the night, decreases its activity in the daytime, and reaches the homeostatic level during
the late evening. In this paper, we derive and discuss a novel model for the HPA system. It is based on three simple rules
that constitute a principle of homeostasis and include only the most substantive physiological elements. In contrast to other
models, its main components include, apart from the conventional negative feedback ingredient, a positive feedback loop. To
validate the model, we present a parameter estimation procedure that enables one to adapt the model to clinical observations.
Using this methodology, we are able to show that the novel model is capable of simulating clinical trials. Furthermore, the
stationary state of the system is investigated. We show that, under mild conditions, the system always has a well-defined
set-point, which reflects the clinical situation to be modeled. Finally, the computed parameters may be interpreted from a
physiological point of view, thereby leading to insights about diseases like depression, obesity, or diabetes. 相似文献
997.
Moths use their sense of smell to find food sources, mating partners and oviposition sites. For this they possess a family of odorant receptors (ORs). Some ORs are used by both sexes whereas others have sex-specific roles. For example, male moths possess ORs specifically tuned to sex pheromones produced by conspecific females. Here we identify sets of ORs from the antennae of New Zealand endemic leafroller moths Planotortrix octo (48 ORs) and P. excessana (47 ORs) using an RNA-Seq approach. Two orthologous ORs show male-biased expression in the adult antennae of both species (OR7 and OR30) and one other OR in each species was female-biased in its expression (PoctOR25, PexcOR14) by qPCR. PAML analysis conducted on male-biased ORs indicated positive selection acting on the male-biased OR7. The fact that OR7 is likely under positive selection, that it is male-biased in its expression and that its orthologue in C. obliquana, CoblOR7, responds to sex pheromone components also utilised by Planotortrix species, suggests that this receptor may also be important in sex pheromone reception in Planotortrix species. 相似文献
998.
Manfred Schmehl Andreas Jahn Andreas Meyer zu Vilsendorf Silke Hennecke Bernd Masepohl Markus Schuppler Martin Marxer Jürgen Oelze Werner Klipp 《Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG》1993,241(5-6):602-615
DNA sequence analysis of a 12236 by fragment, which is located upstream of nifE in Rhodobacter capsulatus nif region A, revealed the presence of ten open reading frames. With the exception of fdxC and fdxN, which encode a plant-type and a bacterial-type ferredoxin, the deduced products of these coding regions exhibited no significant homology to known proteins. Analysis of defined insertion and deletion mutants demonstrated that six of these genes were required for nitrogen fixation. Therefore, we propose to call these genes rnfA, rnfB, rnfC, rnfD, rnfE and rnfF (for Rhodobacter nitrogen fixation). Secondary structure predictions suggested that the rnf genes encode four potential membrane proteins and two putative iron-sulphur proteins, which contain cysteine motifs (C-X2-C-X2-C-X3-C-P) typical for [4Fe-4S] proteins. Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro nitrogenase activities of fdxN and rnf mutants suggested that the products encoded by these genes are involved in electron transport to nitrogenase. In addition, these mutants were shown to contain significantly reduced amounts of nitrogenase. The hypothesis that this new class of nitrogen fixation genes encodes components of an electron transfer system to nitrogenase was corroborated by analysing the effect of metronidazole. Both the fdxN and rnf mutants had higher growth yields in the presence of metronidazole than the wild type, suggesting that these mutants contained lower amounts of reduced ferredoxins. 相似文献
999.
Phosphorolysis of α,α-trehalose catalyzed by trehalose phosphorylase from the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune proceeds via net retention of anomeric configuration and yields α-
-glucose 1-phosphate and α-
-glucose as the products. In reverse reaction, only the α-anomers of
-glucose 1-phosphate and
-glucose are utilized as glucosyl donor and acceptor, respectively, and give exclusively the α,α-product. Trehalose phosphorylase converts α-
-glucose 1-fluoride and phosphate into α-
-glucose 1-phosphate, a reaction requiring the stereospecific protonation of the glucosyl fluoride by a Brønsted acid. The results are discussed with regard to a plausible reaction mechanism of fungal trehalose phosphorylase. 相似文献
1000.
Four inbred maize lines differing in chilling tolerance were used to study changes in water status and abscisic acid (ABA) levels before, during and after a chilling period. Seedlings were raised in fertilized soil at 24/22°C (day/night), 70% relative humidity. and a 12-h photoperiod with 200 μmol m−2 s−1 from fluorescent tubes. At an age of 2 weeks the plants were conditioned at 14/12°C for 4 days and then chilled for 5 days at 5/3°C. The other conditions (relative humidity, quantum flux, photoperiod) were unchanged. After the chilling period the plants were transferred to the original conditions for recovery. The third leaves were used to study changes in leaf necrosis, ion efflux, transpiration, water status and ABA accumulation. Pronounced differences in chilling tolerance between the 4 lines as estimated by necrotic leaf areas, ion efflux and whole plant survival were observed. Conditioning significantly increased tolerance against chilling at 5/3°C in all genotypes. The genotypes with low chilling tolerance had lower water and osmotic potentials than the more tolerant genotypes during a chilling period at 5/3°C. These differences were related to higher transpiration rates and lower diffusive resistance values of the more susceptible lines. During chilling stress at 5/3°C ABA levels were quadrupled. Only a small rise was measurable during conditioning at 14/12°C. However, conditioning enhanced the rise of ABA during subsequent chilling. ABA accumulation in the two lines with a higher chilling tolerance was triggered at a higher leaf water potential and reached higher levels than in the less tolerant lines. We conclude that chilling tolerance in maize is related to the ability for fast and pronounced formation of ABA as a protective agent against chilling injury. 相似文献