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91.
92.
Cleavage of double-stranded DNA was performed with cationic manganese porphyrin complexes linked via a spermine tether to
the 3′- or 5′-side of triple-helix-forming oligonucleotides (cleaver-TFO conjugates). The targeted sequence was a 15-polypurine
sequence present in the env gene of HIV-1 (positions 7301–7315). The presently used TFOs contain only thymine and 5-methylcytosine residues and one adenine
at the 3′-end in order to be able to easily introduce a 3′-polyamine linker by reductive amination of the corresponding 3′-apurinic
polypyrimidine oligonucleotides. With this method we prepared these TFO-cleaver conjugates in 45% yield with only two equivalents
of the Mn-TrisMPyP-COOH precursor. These new metalloporphyrin-TFO conjugates were able to cleave a complementary 45-mer duplex
at 10 nM concentration with only ten equivalents of TFO-cleaver. Conjugates without spermine, without 5-methylcytosine, with
a random sequence or with the managanese porphyrin-spermine entity on the 5′-end of TFOs were synthesized for comparative
studies.
Received: 6 December 1995 / Accepted: 5 February 1996 相似文献
93.
Bernard Chapais Carole Gauthier Jean Prud’homme 《International journal of primatology》1995,16(3):521-536
It has been proposed that monkeys direct grooming to high-ranking individuals in an attempt to obtain agonistic support in
return. But whether these two categories of interactions are causally related has proven difficult to establish. Part of the
problem stems from the fact that in stable groups social relationships reflect an equilibrium state and that behaviors need
only be performed at low rates and long intervals to maintain the current social structure. In theory, however, if affiliative
and supportive interactions are indeed causally related, it should be possible to accentuate their temporal relation, hence
their causal dynamics. For example, destabilizing dominance relations can be expected to induce competition for status and
force individuals to deploy behavioral tactics for settling new rank relations. We experimentally induced rank reversals in
a captive group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) composed of three matrilines (A-B-C rank order). A reversed C-A-B order
composed of three individuals per matriline was maintained for 2 weeks. The results show the close temporal relation among
(i) asserting one’s rank, (ii) competing for access to dominants through affiliation and interferences in affiliation, (iii)
receiving support from dominants against lower-ranking individuals, and (iv) supporting dominants against subordinates. These
findings are compatible with one version of the affiliation-for-support hypothesis, namely that monkeys affiliate with dominants
as a way to assert their position in the hierarchy. In a functional perspective, mutual selfishness provides a better explanation
than reciprocal altruism because the possibility that both groomers and supporters derive immediate net benefits cannot be
excluded. 相似文献
94.
At elevated osmolarity of the mineral medium M63, marine macroalgae constitute important osmoprotectants and nutrients sources for Escherichia coli. Growth of bacterial population (16 strains) was improved by supplementing M63 salts medium with either aqueous or ethanolic algal extracts obtained from Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus serratus, Enteromorpha ramulosa, Ulva lactuca, and Palmaria palmata. In their presence, growth was still observed even at 1.02 m NaCl. Furthermore, the E. coli ZB400 growth in presence of whole macroalgae thalli in M63/0.85 m NaCI reached its maximum within 24 h (5 × 107 – 5 × 108 colony-forming units [CFU] per milliliter). In the presence of A. nodosum, bacterial growth was inhibited. In the same experimental conditions, ethanolic extracts improved E. coli growth significantly, because the yield reached 1011 CFU per milliliter. Ulva lactuca and P. palmata allowed the better growth. The Dragendorff-positive compounds extracted from bacterial cells growing on each ethanolic extract exhibited an osmoprotective effect as proved by a disk-diffusion assay. On the other hand, the -onium compounds (quaternary ammonium [betaines] and tertiary sulphonium) and total free amino acid contents of U. lactuca ethanolic extracts were higher than in others. Fucaceae extracts demonstrated especially high protein content. Algal extracts constitute not only an appreciable osmoprotection source for E. coli but also nutrient sources.
Correspondence to: J. Minet 相似文献
95.
Fabrice Cornille Loïc Martin Christine Lenoir Didier Cussac Bernard P. Roques Marie-Claude Fournié-Zaluski 《Letters in Peptide Science》1997,4(4-6):207-212
The light chain of tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT L chain)has been shown to be endowed with zinc endopeptidaseactivity, selectively directed towards theGln76–Phe77 bond of synaptobrevin, avesicle-associated membrane protein criticallyinvolved in neuroexocytosis. In previous reports,truncations at the NH2- and COOH-terminus ofsynaptobrevin have shown that the sequence 39–88 ofsynaptobrevin is the minimum substrate of TeNT,suggesting either the requirement of a well-definedthree-dimensional structure of synaptobrevin or a rolein the mechanism of substrate hydrolysis for residuesdistal from the cleavage site. In this study, theaddition of NH2- and COOH-terminal peptides ofsynaptobrevin, S 27–55 (S1) and S 82–93(S2), to the synaptobrevin fragment S 56–81allowed the cleavage of this latter peptide by TeNT tooccur. This appears to result from an activationprocess mediated by the simultaneous binding ofS1 and S2 with complementary sites presenton TeNT as shown by surface plasmon resonanceexperiments. All these results favor anexosite-controlled hydrolysis of synaptobrevin by TeNTprobably involving a conformational change of thetoxin. This could account for the high degree ofsubstrate specificity of TeNT and, probably, botulinumneurotoxins. 相似文献
96.
Sabine Castano Bernard Desbat Isabelle Cornut Philippe Méléard Jean Dufourcq 《Letters in Peptide Science》1997,4(4-6):195-200
De novo designed extremely simplified amphipathic basicLeuiLysj (i = 2j) peptides of 8, 9 and 15residues were synthesized to clarify the mechanism of action of naturalcytotoxic and hemolytic small proteins or peptides. They proved to havestrong hemolytic activity towards human erythrocytes which increases withpeptide length. These peptides are highly surface active and form stablepeptidic films at the air/water interface. The sensitive and efficient FTIRmodulated polarization technique (PMIRRAS) allows one to obtain in situstructural and orientational information about the peptides at theinterface. A transition of secondary structure is observed: the shorterpeptides (8 and 9 residues) adopt -sheet structures while the longerone (15 residues) is folded into an -helix. In both cases, the peptideslie with the axis parallel to the interface. Their insertion into adimyristoylphosphatidylcholine monolayer can be followed from the increasein the surface and/or pressure of the films. In the mixed films, thepeptides adopt the same structure and orientation as observed at theair/water interface. Therefore, among the same series of peptides, atransition from -sheet to -helix occurs when the length increases(roughly >10 aa), but despite this drastic change both types ofstructures result in strongly hemolytic peptides. 相似文献
97.
R. L. Wolff Bernard Comps Anne M. Marpeau Laurent G. Deluc 《Trees - Structure and Function》1997,12(2):113-118
The fatty acid compositions of the seed oils from ten pine species have been established by capillary gas-liquid chromatography
of the methyl esters. With regard to either normal fatty acids or Δ5-olefinic acids, the general pattern of fatty acids did
not differ from that of other pine seed oils reported previously. The main fatty acid was linoleic (9,12–18:2) acid (44.4–57.1%),
followed by either oleic (9–18:1) acid (13.4–24.5%) or pinolenic (5,9,12–18:3) acid (1.5–25.2%). When applying multivariate
analyses to the chemometric data (13 variables) of 49 pine species (ca. 40% of the living pine species), it was possible to
distinguish between several sections: Pinea, Longifolia, Halepensis, Ponderosa-Banksiana, Sylvestris, and Cembra. The latter section was clearly divided into two sub-groups. A few species that presented a low overall content of Δ5-olefinic
acids, and that grow in warm-temperate regions, were isolated from the bulk of other pine species. It is hypothesized that
Δ5-olefinic acids might be related to cold-acclimation.
Received: 5 June 1997 / Accepted: 17 August 1997 相似文献
98.
The available amino acid sequences of the α-amylase family (glycosyl hydrolase family 13) were searched to identify their
domain B, a distinct domain that protrudes from the regular catalytic (β/α)8-barrel between the strand β3 and the helix α3. The isolated domain B sequences were inspected visually and also analyzed
by Hydrophobic Cluster Analysis (HCA) to find common features. Sequence analyses and inspection of the few available three-dimensional
structures suggest that the secondary structure of domain B varies with the enzyme specificity. Domain B in these different
forms, however, may still have evolved from a common ancestor. The largest number of different specificities was found in
the group with structural similarity to domain B from Bacillus cereus oligo-1,6-glucosidase that contains an α-helix succeeded by a three-stranded antiparallel β-sheet. These enzymes are α-glucosidase,
cyclomaltodextrinase, dextran glucosidase, trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase, neopullulanase, and a few α-amylases. Domain B
of this type was observed also in some mammalian proteins involved in the transport of amino acids. These proteins show remarkable
similarity with (β/α)8-barrel elements throughout the entire sequence of enzymes from the oligo-1,6-glucosidase group. The transport proteins, in
turn, resemble the animal 4F2 heavy-chain cell surface antigens, for which the sequences either lack domain B or contain only
parts thereof. The similarities are compiled to indicate a possible route of domain evolution in the α-amylase family.
Received: 4 December 1996 / Accepted: 13 March 1997 相似文献
99.
100.