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991.
Due to the mixed findings of previous studies, it is still difficult to provide guidance on how to best manage sleep inertia after waking from naps in operational settings. One of the few factors that can be manipulated is the duration of the nap opportunity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the magnitude and time course of sleep inertia after waking from short (20-, 40- or 60-min) naps during simulated night work and extended operations. In addition, the effect of sleep stage on awakening and duration of slow wave sleep (SWS) on sleep inertia was assessed. Two within-subject protocols were conducted in a controlled laboratory setting. Twenty-four healthy young men (Protocol 1: n = 12, mean age = 25.1 yrs; Protocol 2: n = 12, mean age = 23.2 yrs) were provided with nap opportunities of 20-, 40-, and 60-min (and a control condition of no nap) ending at 02:00 h after ~20 h of wakefulness (Protocol 1 [P1]: simulated night work) or ending at 12:00 h after ~30 h of wakefulness (Protocol 2 [P2]: simulated extended operations). A 6-min test battery, including the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the 4-min 2-Back Working Memory Task (WMT), was repeated every 15 min the first hour after waking. Nap sleep was recorded polysomnographically, and in all nap opportunities sleep onset latency was short and sleep efficiency high. Mixed-model analyses of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures were calculated and included the factors time (time post-nap), nap opportunity (duration of nap provided), order (order in which the four protocols were completed), and the interaction of these terms. Results showed no test x nap opportunity effect (i.e., no effect of sleep inertia) on KSS. However, WMT performance was impaired (slower reaction time, fewer correct responses, and increased omissions) on the first test post-nap, primarily after a 40- or 60-min nap. In P2 only, performance improvement was evident 45 min post-awakening for naps of 40 min or more. In ANOVAs where sleep stage on awakening was included, the test x nap opportunity interaction was significant, but differences were between wake and non-REM Stage 1/Stage 2 or wake and SWS. A further series of ANOVAs showed no effect of the duration of SWS on sleep inertia. The results of this study demonstrate that no more than 15 min is required for performance decrements due to sleep inertia to dissipate after nap opportunities of 60 min or less, but subjective sleepiness is not a reliable indicator of this effect. Under conditions where sleep is short, these findings also suggest that SWS, per se, does not contribute to more severe sleep inertia. When wakefulness is extended and napping occurs at midday (i.e., P2), nap opportunities of 40- and 60-min have the advantage over shorter duration sleep periods, as they result in performance benefits ~45 min after waking.  相似文献   
992.
Traditional analysis of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data, typically performed by reviewing chromatograms and the corresponding mass spectra, is both time-consuming and difficult. Detailed data analysis is therefore often omitted in proteomics applications. When analysing multiple proteomics samples, it is usually only the final list of identified proteins that is reviewed. This may lead to unnecessarily complex or even contradictory results because the content of the list of identified proteins depends heavily on the conditions for triggering the collection of tandem mass spectra. Small changes in the signal intensity of a peptide in different LC-MS experiments can lead to the collection of a tandem mass spectrum in one experiment but not in another. Also, the quality of the tandem mass spectrometry experiments can vary, leading to successful identification in some cases but not in others. Using a novel image analysis approach, it is possible to achieve repeat analysis with a very high reproducibility by matching peptides across different LC-MS experiments using the retention time and parent mass over charge (m/z). It is also easy to confirm the final result visually. This approach has been investigated by using tryptic digests of integral membrane proteins from organelle-enriched fractions from Arabidopsis thaliana and it has been demonstrated that very highly reproducible, consistent, and reliable LC-MS data interpretation can be made.  相似文献   
993.
994.
Any computation of metric surface structure from horizontal disparities depends on the viewing geometry, and analysing this dependence allows us to narrow down the choice of viable schemes. For example, all depth-based or slant-based schemes (i.e. nearly all existing models) are found to be unrealistically sensitive to natural errors in vergence. Curvature-based schemes avoid these problems and require only moderate, more robust view-dependent corrections to yield local object shape, without any depth coding. This fits the fact that humans are strikingly insensitive to global depth but accurate in discriminating surface curvature. The latter also excludes coding only affine structure. In view of new adaptation results, our goal becomes to directly extract retinotopic fields of metric surface curvatures (i.e. avoiding intermediate disparity curvature).To find a robust neural realisation, we combine new exact analysis with basic neural and psychophysical constraints. Systematic, step-by-step ‘design’ leads to neural operators which employ a novel family of ‘dynamic’ receptive fields (RFs), tuned to specific (bi-)local disparity structure. The required RF family is dictated by the non-Euclidean geometry that we identify as inherent in cyclopean vision. The dynamic RF-subfield patterns are controlled via gain modulation by binocular vergence and version, and parameterised by a cell-specific tuning to slant. Our full characterisation of the neural operators invites a range of new neurophysiological tests. Regarding shape perception, the model inverts widely accepted interpretations: It predicts the various types of errors that have often been mistaken for evidence against metric shape extraction.  相似文献   
995.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease and glutamate excitotoxicity has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Platelets contain a glutamate uptake system and express components of the glutamate-glutamine cycle, such as the predominant glial excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2). In several neurological diseases platelets have proven to be systemic markers for the disease. We compared properties of key components of the glutamate-glutamine cycle in blood platelets of ALS patients and healthy controls. Platelets were analyzed for (3)H-glutamate uptake in the presence or absence of thrombin and for EAAT2 and glutamine synthetase protein expression by Western blotting. Platelets of ALS patients showed a 37% increase in expression of glutamine synthetase, but normal expression of glutamate transporter EAAT2. Glutamate uptake in resting or thrombin-stimulated platelets did not differ significantly between platelets from ALS patients and controls. Thrombin-stimulation resulted in about a seven-fold increase in glutamate uptake. Our data suggest that glutamine synthetase may be a peripheral marker of ALS and encourage further investigation into the role of this enzyme in ALS.  相似文献   
996.
Summary. Taurine as well as tauret (retinyliden taurine) levels were measured in locust Locusta migratoria compound eyes. HPLC measurements revealed relatively low taurine levels (1.9 ± 0.16 mM) in dark-adapted eyes. Glutamate, aspartate and glycine levels were 2.0 ± 0.2, 2.7 ± 0.4 and 3.0 ± 0.37 mM, respectively, while GABA was present only in trace amounts. After about 4 h of light adaptation at 1500–2000 lx, amino acid levels in the compound eye were as follows: taurine, 1.8 ± 0.17 mM; glutamate, no change at 2.1 ± 0.2 mM; aspartate sharply increased to 4.7 ± 0.7 mM; glycine slightly decreased to 2.8 ± 0.3 mM; and GABA trace levels. In the compound eye of locust Locusta migratoria, the existence of endogenous tauret in micro-molar range was established. In the dark, levels were several times higher compared with compound eye after light adaptation 1500 lx for 3 h, as estimated by TLC in combination with spectral measurements. Existence of tauret in compound eye is of special interest because in the compound eye, rhodopsin regeneration is based on photoregeneration.  相似文献   
997.
Tigray (region) is one of the major finger millet growing regions in Ethiopia and an important site from an archeobotanical point of view. Three zones of Tigray (east, central and west) were identified as representative sites in the region and a total of 14 districts/ ‘Woreda’ were surveyed. Thirty-seven landraces/farmers’ varieties of finger millet were identified/recorded. Farmers in Tigray undertake pre and post harvest selection in finger millet and sometimes they also select seeds from storage based on a number of attributes. Farmers maintain diversity as a way to ensure harvest security or stability of production, to promote diversity of diet and income sources, minimize crop failure risk, reduce insect and disease incidences and ensure efficient use of labour. The traditional management of finger millet in the entire study area is generally found to be demand driven, showing the existence of potential sites for on-farm conservation. The high morphological diversity (H =0.76 ± 0.09) found in the gene bank collections of Tigrayan origin also reveals the importance of linking ex situ with in situ conservation activities. Furthermore, the enhancement and conservation significance of the crop is discussed.  相似文献   
998.
Amphetamine (AMPH) increases brain dopamine (DA) levels via reversal of the membrane DA transporter. Additional mechanisms have been suggested, including inhibition of vesicular monoamine transporters and vesicular leakage of DA and Ca2+. According to the widely-accepted weak base theory, AMPH disrupts the proton gradient required for filling vesicles with DA. As a result, DA and Ca2+ will leak from vesicles, giving rise to exocytosis of less-filled vesicles. As several contradictions have been described, the aim of the present study was to re-examine this theory using amperometry and Fura-2 imaging to measure AMPH-induced changes in exocytosis and intracellular Ca2+ levels, respectively, in PC12 and chromaffin cells. Unexpectedly, 15 min exposure to AMPH (20–200 μM) does not affect the amount of DA released per vesicle, the frequency of exocytosis or intracellular Ca2+ levels in PC12 cells or chromaffin cells. Comparable results were found following prolonged exposure to AMPH (45 min) or at 37°C. When cells were pre-treated with the DA precursor l -DOPA, vesicle content increased to ∼150%. When these pre-treated cells are exposed to AMPH, vesicle content is strongly reduced. These results indicate that in dexamethasone-differentiated PC12 cells AMPH-induced vesicle leakage occurs only under specific conditions, therefore arguing for re-evaluation of the theory of AMPH-induced vesicular DA leakage.  相似文献   
999.
1000.
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of increased group size on eating- and resting behaviour, aggression and feed intake in housed ewes. During an initial period of 14 days 36 adult (2–6 years old) ewes of the domestic Norwegian Dala breed were divided into four groups of 9. In the second period (14 days), these ewes were merged into one group of 36 ewes. This experiment was repeated with a second batch of ewes, but this time starting with a group of 36 individuals in the first period, then splitting them up into four groups of 9 ewes in the second period. From 24 h video recordings we scored activity behaviours using instantaneous sampling every 10 min. Aggressive interactions were continuously observed the first 10 min every hour during the 24 h (4 h in total). A mixed statistical procedure with group size, day, batch and the interactions between them were included as fixed effects, whereas individual and group were specified as random effects.Ewes in large groups (36) had a larger variation in lying time at day one (P < 0.01), less synchronized lying (P < 0.05) and eating behaviour (P < 0.01), and spent less time queuing at the feed barrier (P < 0.001) compared to in the small group size (9). There were no effects of group size on aggressive interactions or feed intake.In conclusion, a larger group size decreased synchrony in resting and feeding behaviour and reduced the time spent queuing in front of the feed barrier. It is possible that the aggression level in sheep is more sensitive to changes in space allowance than to changes in group size per se.  相似文献   
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