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61.
Bård Smedsrød Håkan Pertoft Gösta Eggertsen Christer Sundström 《Cell and tissue research》1985,241(3):639-649
Summary This paper presents a study on the structure and function of Kupffer cells (KC) and liver endothelial cells (LEC) isolated by a simple and rapid technique involving 1) perfusion of the liver with collagenase; 2) cell separation by means of density centrifugation in Percoll; and 3) cell culture, taking advantage of the fact that KC and LEC differ in their preferences for growth substrate. The KC, which attach and spread under serum-free conditions on surfaces of glass or plastic during the first 15 min in culture exhibit a typical macrophage-like morphology including membrane ruffling and a heterogenous content of vacuoles. Moreover, these cells express (a) Fc receptors (FcR) for binding and phagocytosis of erythrocytes covered with immune globulin G (E-IgG), and (b) complement receptors (CR) for binding and serum dependent phagocytosis of erythrocytes covered with either human C3b or mouse inactivated C3b (iC3b). The cells also bind fluid phase fluoresceinated C3b. Approximately 30% of the KC express immune response-associated (Ia)-antigens.The LEC attach and spread on fibronectin coated surfaces, but not on glass or plastic surfaces, during the first two hours in culture with or without serum, and are morphologically distinct from KC. Cultured LEC are well spread out with no membrane ruffling and with numerous large vesicles surrounding the regularly shaped nucleus. These cells bind, but do not ingest E-IgG via the FcR, but no binding of fluid phase C3b or particle fixed C3b or iC3b can be observed. Incubation of LEC with fluorescein amine conjugates of ovalbumin or formaldehyde treated serum albumin, but not with fluoresceinated native serum albumin, results in accumulation of fluorescence specifically localized in the large perinuclear vesicles. Neither KC nor any other cell types tested have the ability to accumulate fluorescence upon incubation with these compounds. Iaantigens are not present on the LEC.Cytochemical demonstration of unspecific esterase, acid phosphatase, and peroxidase reveals different patterns and intensities of staining in KC as compared to LEC.Abbreviations Used
KC
Kupffer cells
-
LEC
Liver endothelial cells
-
C
Complement
-
C3b
Major fragment of C3 activation
-
iC3b
C3b that has been cleaved by factor I (C3b inactivator), present in serum
-
meC3b
C3b produced by treating purified human C3 with methyl amine
-
trC3b
C3b produced by treating purified human C3 with trypsin
-
CR
Complement receptors for C3b and iC3b
-
IgG
Immune globulin G
-
IgM
Immune globulin M
-
E
Erythrocytes
-
E-IgG
E covered with anti-E IgG
-
E-IgM E
covered with anti-E IgM
-
E-C3b(h)
E-IgM reacted with purified human C1, C4, oxidized C2 and C3 (E-IgMC14xyC2C3b)
-
E-iC3b(m)
E-IgM incubated with C5 deficient serum from AKR mice
-
FcR
Receptors for the Fc portion of IgG
-
FITC
Fluorescein isothiocyanate
-
FITC-meC3b
FITC conjugated to meC3b
-
FITC-trC3b
FITC conjugated to trC3b
-
FA
Fluorescein amine
-
FA-OA
Ovalbumin conjugated with FA
-
FA-SA
Serum albumin conjugated with FA
-
FA-FSA
Formaldehyde-treated serum albumin conjugated with FA
-
Ia
Immune response-associated AcE Acid unspecific esterase acting on alpha naphtyl acetate
-
NASDAE
Unspecific esterase acting on naphthol AS-D acetate
-
NASDCAE
Unspecific esterase acting on napthol AS-D chloroacetate 相似文献
62.
Jørn Erik Bjørndalen 《Plant Ecology》1985,59(1-3):211-224
Basiphilous pine forests and related birch forests are herb-and grass-rich forests on calcareous substrate. These forests are complex communities with floristic/ecological elements from different vegetation types occurring in a subtle micromosaic. These elements are e.g. species from acidophilous conifer forests, thermophilous forest-rim communities, calcareous shallow-soil and steppe communities, eutrophic wet meadows and fens, and in northern Fennoscandia also species from alpine Dryas heaths. Four associations are recognized in Fennoscandia: Convallario-Pinetum, Melico-Piceetum pinetosum, Peucedano-Pinetum and Epipacto atrorubentis-Betuletum. The main association is the Convallario-Pinetum, a widespread community in Fennoscandia and Estonia with a considerable floristic variation between the different regions. Examples of the floristic variation along west-east profiles and south-north profiles in Fennoscandia are presented. The basiphilous pine forest complex can be divided into a number of ecological types along the moisture and nutritional gradients. A further subdivision into geographical types (races) is presented.Nomenclature follows Lid (1974) for vascular plants, Nyholm (1954–1969) for musci and Dahl & Krog (1973) for lichens. 相似文献
63.
Steinar Solberg Tor Larsen Leif Jørgensen 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1985,21(11):612-616
Summary This study examined whether nonconfluent endothelial cell cultures reacted differently than confluent ones toward thrombin-stimulated
platelets or a heparinized salt solution. The adherence to the endothelial cell cultures of51Cr-labeled human platelets stimulated at different thrombin concentrations was studied. There was significantly higher adherence
of stimulated platelets to nonconfluent cultures compared with confluent ones. This was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy,
which also revealed a tendency for the platelets to adhere at the cell periphery. Electron microscopy also showed that thrombin-stimulated
platelets induced endothelial cell contraction. Part of the peripheral endothelial cell surface toward the bottom of the culture
dish was inverted, facing the lumen of the dish. This phenomenon was particularly seen in nonconfluent cultures. When51Cr-labeled endothelial cultures were incubated with a mildly injurious fluid as heparinized sodium acetate and 20% serum,
at 20° C for 30 min, the nonconfluent cultures showed significantly more cell detachment and release of51Cr than the confluent ones. We conclude that under the conditions of the present experiments there are differences in the
reactivity of confluent and nonconfluent endothelial cell cultures. These differences probably reflect biological dissimilarities.
In experiments where properties of cultured endothelium are studied, care should be taken that the degree of confluency is
standardized. 相似文献
64.
Jørgen Johansen Anna L. Kleinhaus 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1985,157(4):491-497
Properties of divalent cation potentials carried by either Sr2+ or Ca2+ ions in Na+-free, TEA-Ringer solution were characterized in identified neurons of two species of leeches (Macrobdella and Haementeria). In Macrobdella, the overshoot of the potentials varied logarithmically with [Sr2+]0 (28.5 mV per 10-fold change). The overshoot, Vmax, and duration of the potentials increased with increasing divalent cation concentration and saturated at about 20 to 30 mM [Sr2+]0. The Vmax, amplitude, and duration of the potentials were reversibly blocked by Co2+ and Mn2+. The block by Mn2+ could be well-fitted by a reverse Langmuir-curve with an apparent KI of 100 micromolar. The local anesthetic procaine also reversibly inhibited the Vmax and duration of the potentials. The inhibition was greater at alkaline pH suggesting that procaine blocks the calcium channel from inside the membrane. The identified leech neurons examined in Macrobdella varied considerably in their ability to sustain somatic divalent cation potentials. Stimulation of T cells and most motoneurons produced no or only weak potentials, whereas stimulation of Retzius, N, Nut, and AP cells evoked overshooting potentials of several seconds' duration. Stimulation of the ALG cell of Haementeria in normal Ringer solution evoked a slowly-rising, purely Ca2+-dependent potential of approximately 100 ms duration. This response was TTX-resistant, unaffected by complete removal of Na+ from the Ringer solution, and abolished by 1 mM Mn2+. The overshoot varied logarithmically with a slope of 28 mV/decade change in [Ca2+]0. 相似文献
65.
The authors, from their experience emphasize the associated malformations' frequency in major congenital urinary tract malformations (26,9%). It is essential to recognize in these multiple defects some certified syndromes - inherited or not. The most associations are still unknown, nevertheless the genetic counselling require an accurate diagnosis. 相似文献
66.
We outline a method for estimating quantitatively the influence of point mutations and selection on the frequencies of codons and amino acids. We show how the mutation rate, i.e., the rate of amino acid replacement due to point mutation, can be affected by the codon usage as well as by the rates of the involved base exchanges. A comparison of the mutation rates calculated from reliable values of codon usage and base exchange probabilities with those that would be expected on the basis of chance reveals a notable suppression of replacements leading to tryptophan, glutamate, lysine, and methionine, and particularly of those leading to the termination codons. If selection constraints are neglected and only mutations are taken into account, the best agreement between expected and observed frequencies of both codons and amino acids is obtained for alpha = 1.13-1.15, where (Formula: see text). The "selection values" of codons and amino acids derived by our method show a pattern that partially deviates from others in the literature. For example, the selection pressure on methionine and cysteine turns out to be much more pronounced than expected if only the discrepancies between their observed and expected occurrences in proteins are considered. To estimate to what extent randomly occurring amino acid replacements are accepted by selection, we constructed an "acceptability matrix" from the well-established matrix of accepted point mutations. On the basis of this matrix "acceptability values" of the amino acids can be defined that correlate with their selection values. We also examine the significance of mutations and selection of amino acids with respect to their physicochemical properties and functions in proteins. The conservatism of amino acid replacements with respect to certain properties such as polarity can be brought about by the mutational process alone, whereas the conservatism with respect to other relevant properties--among them all measures of bulkiness--obviously is the result of additional selectional constraints on the evolution of protein structures. 相似文献
67.
Effect of physical environment on the conformation of ricin. Influence of low pH. 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
J P Frénoy 《The Biochemical journal》1986,240(1):221-226
The molecular properties of ricin (the toxic lectin from Ricinus communis seeds, RCA II or RCA 60) were evaluated by analytical ultracentrifugation, viscosimetry, c.d., fluorescence and equilibrium dialysis. Measurements of sedimentation (S0(20,W) = 4.60 S) and viscosity (eta = 2.96 X 10(-2) dl/g) indicated that, at neutral pH, the ricin molecule is very compact. Various transitions were explored, and a pH-triggered change in the ricin conformation was observed between pH 7 and 4. In this range, the sedimentation coefficient, far-u.v. c.d. and fluorescence altered simultaneously without unfolding. Below pH 7 the change in the ricin conformation was accompanied by a decrease in the affinity of ricin for galactosides, and at pH 4.0 by an alteration in its binding capacity. These effects of low pH are discussed in relation to the physical conditions encountered by ricin molecules during their entry into living cells. 相似文献
68.
69.
Steen Kølvraa Torben A. Kruse P. K. A. Jensen Kirsten H. Linde Søren R. Vestergaard Lars Bolund 《Human genetics》1986,74(3):284-287
Summary EDA (ectodermal dysplasia, anhidrotic) is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by hypohidrosis, hypoor anodontia, and hypotrichosis. A possible linkage between the gene for EDA and a number of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) spread over the X chromosome was investigated in two Danish families segregating EDA. No recombination between the gene for EDA and our probe pTAK8, which detects a two allele polymorphism in the region Xp11-q12, was found in nine informative meiotic events (seven of which are phase known), giving a maximal lod score of 2.41 at a recombination fraction of 0.00. This juxtacentromeric location of the gene for EDA agrees well with the linkage data obtained with the other markers used in this study. 相似文献
70.
N. Troest B. Møhl 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1986,159(4):559-567
Summary Using a target simulator three serotine bats,Eptesicus serotinus, were trained to judge whether a phantom target was present or absent. The echolocation sounds emitted by the bats during the detection were intercepted by a microphone, amplified and returned by a loudspeaker as an artificial echo, with a delay of 3.2 ms and a sound level determined by the overall gain and cry amplitude. The cry level of each pulse was measured and the echo level received by the bat was calculated. The target was presented in 50% of the trials and the gain adjusted using conventional up/down procedures. Under these conditions between 40 and 48 dB peSPL were required for 50% detection (Figs. 2, 3).In a subsequent experiment the phantom target was masked with white noise (No) with a spectrum level of –113 dB re. 1 Pa·Hz–1/2. The thresholds were increased by 7–14 dB. Energy density (S) of a single pulse was measured and used to estimate S/No, which ranged from 36–49 dB at threshold. Theoretically the coherent receiver model predicts the ratio between hits and false alarms observed for the bats at a S/No of ca. 1–2 dB. Since the bats require 40–50 dB higher S/No (Fig. 3), this is taken as negative evidence for coherent reception (cross correlation).Furthermore, a strong sensitivity to clutter was found since there seemed to exist a fixed relationship between thresholds and clutter level.Abbreviations
C
clutter
-
Nbw
noise in a specified bandwidth
-
No
noise in i Hz bandwidth
-
peSPL
peak equivalent sound pressure level
-
S
signal energy
-
SD
standard deviation
-
Y/N
Yes/No psychometry
-
2AFC
two alternative forced choice psychometry 相似文献