全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2041篇 |
免费 | 178篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 14篇 |
2022年 | 26篇 |
2021年 | 58篇 |
2020年 | 25篇 |
2019年 | 29篇 |
2018年 | 47篇 |
2017年 | 32篇 |
2016年 | 71篇 |
2015年 | 108篇 |
2014年 | 96篇 |
2013年 | 131篇 |
2012年 | 184篇 |
2011年 | 168篇 |
2010年 | 115篇 |
2009年 | 86篇 |
2008年 | 127篇 |
2007年 | 130篇 |
2006年 | 133篇 |
2005年 | 99篇 |
2004年 | 99篇 |
2003年 | 86篇 |
2002年 | 81篇 |
2001年 | 24篇 |
2000年 | 23篇 |
1999年 | 22篇 |
1998年 | 20篇 |
1997年 | 6篇 |
1996年 | 11篇 |
1995年 | 9篇 |
1994年 | 15篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 13篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 14篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1975年 | 5篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 4篇 |
1966年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有2221条查询结果,搜索用时 140 毫秒
81.
Jeremy Carlot Hloïse Rouz Diego R. Barneche Alexandre Mercire Benoit Espiau Ulisse Cardini Simon J. Brandl Jordan M. Casey Gonzalo PrezRosales Mehdi Adjeroud Laetitia Hdouin Valeriano Parravicini 《Ecology and evolution》2022,12(3)
Coral reefs provide a range of important services to humanity, which are underpinned by community‐level ecological processes such as coral calcification. Estimating these processes relies on our knowledge of individual physiological rates and species‐specific abundances in the field. For colonial animals such as reef‐building corals, abundance is frequently expressed as the relative surface cover of coral colonies, a metric that does not account for demographic parameters such as coral size. This may be problematic because many physiological rates are directly related to organism size, and failure to account for linear scaling patterns may skew estimates of ecosystem functioning. In the present study, we characterize the scaling of three physiological rates — calcification, respiration, and photosynthesis — considering the colony size for six prominent, reef‐building coral taxa in Mo''orea, French Polynesia. After a seven‐day acclimation period in the laboratory, we quantified coral physiological rates for three hours during daylight (i.e., calcification and gross photosynthesis) and one hour during night light conditions (i.e., dark respiration). Our results indicate that area‐specific calcification rates are higher for smaller colonies across all taxa. However, photosynthesis and respiration rates remain constant over the colony‐size gradient. Furthermore, we revealed a correlation between the demographic dynamics of coral genera and the ratio between net primary production and calcification rates. Therefore, intraspecific scaling of reef‐building coral physiology not only improves our understanding of community‐level coral reef functioning but it may also explain species‐specific responses to disturbances. 相似文献
82.
83.
MarcOlivier MartinGuay Michaël Belluau Benoit Ct Ira Tanya Handa Mark D. Jewell Rim Khlifa Alison D. Munson Maxime Rivest Joann K. Whalen David Rivest 《Ecology and evolution》2022,12(1)
- Soil C is the largest C pool in forest ecosystems that contributes to C sequestration and mitigates climate change. Tree diversity enhances forest productivity, so diversifying the tree species composition, notably in managed forests, could increase the quantity of organic matter being transferred to soils and alter other soil properties relevant to the C cycle.
- A ten‐year‐old tree diversity experiment was used to study the effects of tree identity and diversity (functional and taxonomic) on soils. Surface (0–10 cm) mineral soil was repeatedly measured for soil C concentration, C:N ratio, pH, moisture, and temperature in twenty‐four tree species mixtures and twelve corresponding monocultures (replicated in four blocks).
- Soil pH, moisture, and temperature responded to tree diversity and identity. Greater productivity in above‐ and below‐ground tree components did not increase soil C concentration. Soil pH increased and soil moisture decreased with functional diversity, more specifically, when species had different growth strategies and shade tolerances. Functional identity affected soil moisture and temperature, such that tree communities with more slow‐growing and shade‐tolerant species had greater soil moisture and temperature. Higher temperature was measured in communities with broadleaf‐deciduous species compared to communities with coniferous‐evergreen species.
- We conclude that long‐term soil C cycling in forest plantations will likely respond to changes in soil pH, moisture, and temperature that is mediated by tree species composition, since tree species affect these soil properties through their litter quality, water uptake, and physical control of soil microclimates.
84.
85.
Treponema pallidum 3-phosphoglycerate mutase is a heat-labile enzyme that may limit the maximum growth temperature for the spirochete
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of bacteriology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
In the causative agent of syphilis, Treponema pallidum, the gene encoding 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, gpm, is part of a six-gene operon (tro operon) that is regulated by the Mn-dependent repressor TroR. Since substrate-level phosphorylation via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway is the principal way to generate ATP in T. pallidum and Gpm is a key enzyme in this pathway, Mn could exert a regulatory effect on central metabolism in this bacterium. To study this, T. pallidum gpm was cloned, Gpm was purified from Escherichia coli, and antiserum against the recombinant protein was raised. Immunoblots indicated that Gpm was expressed in freshly extracted infective T. pallidum. Enzyme assays indicated that Gpm did not require Mn(2+) while 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) was required for maximum activity. Consistent with these observations, Mn did not copurify with Gpm. The purified Gpm was stable for more than 4 h at 25 degrees C, retained only 50% activity after incubation for 20 min at 34 degrees C or 10 min at 37 degrees C, and was completely inactive after 10 min at 42 degrees C. The temperature effect was attenuated when 1 mM DPG was added to the assay mixture. The recombinant Gpm from pSLB2 complemented E. coli strain PL225 (gpm) and restored growth on minimal glucose medium in a temperature-dependent manner. Increasing the temperature of cultures of E. coli PL225 harboring pSLB2 from 34 to 42 degrees C resulted in a 7- to 11-h period in which no growth occurred (compared to wild-type E. coli). These data suggest that biochemical properties of Gpm could be one contributing factor to the heat sensitivity of T. pallidum. 相似文献
86.
Le Gall F Favreau P Benoit E Richard G Molgó J 《Journal de la Société de Biologie》1999,193(6):481-493
Marine snails of the genus Conus, as they are carnivorous predators, have a venom apparatus used to capture their prey. The toxins contained in the venoms of Conidae, called conotoxins, are of a particular high degree of diversity and represent powerful tools in the neuroscience field. Indeed, these toxins specifically bind with a high affinity to receptors and ionic channels. Therefore, they provide original pharmacological tools which receive increasing investigation both to identify and study some functions of the nervous systems and to characterize new types and closely related subtypes of receptors or ionic channels. The voltage-gated sodium channel, because of its fundamental role in cell membrane excitability, is the specific target of a large number of animal and vegetal toxins. Actually, at least seven toxin receptor sites have been identified on this channel-protein. These toxins, and in particular conotoxins, are used to precise the role of different types and/or closely related subtypes of sodium channels in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The focus of the present review is to summarize our current knowledge of the consequences of physiological interactions between different conotoxin families and sodium channels. 相似文献
87.
Boussouel N Mathieu F Benoit V Linder M Revol-Junelles AM Millière JB 《Journal of applied microbiology》1999,86(4):642-652
Experimental designs using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were used to determine effects and interactions of Nisin (0-200 i.u. ml-1), pH values (5.4-6.6), incubation time (0-36 h or 0-144 h) and the lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide system (LPS) on Listeria monocytogenes CIP 82110 in skim milk, at 25 degrees C. The LPS varied from level 0-2; LPS at level 1 consisted of lactoperoxidase (35 mg l-1), thiocyanate (25 mg l-1) and H2O2, which was supplied exogenously by glucose-oxidase (1 mg l-1) and glucose (0.2 g l-1); LPS activity was dependent on LPS level and incubation time. In the presence of LPS at level 1, a bacteriostatic phase was followed by growth, whereas at a higher level, a bactericidic phase was observed. Nisin response was time- and pH-dependent. Nisin was bactericidic at acidic pH values and for a short incubation time (12 h) only; then, a re-growth phase was observed. Nisin and LPS in combination gave an original response which lacked the transitory bactericidal effect of Nisin and had a continuously bactericidal affect, leading to 10 cfu ml-1 of L. monocytogenes at 144 h; the response was greatly affected by incubation time. Predicted values were in good agreement with experimental values. Response Surface Methodology is a useful experimental approach for rapid testing of the effects of inhibitors. 相似文献
88.
89.
Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG), structurally related to aspartic proteinases, are expressed in the outer epithelial cell layer (chorion/trophectoderm) of the ungulate placenta. The aim of the present study was to isolate as many PAG molecules as possible from placentae collected between day 60 and day 100 of gestation and to characterize their amino-terminal amino-acid sequences. Three heterologous radioimmunoassays were used to monitor PAG immunoreactivity throughout the isolation procedures. Sequential use of DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration, and CM ceramic chromatographies led to the isolation of several fractions rich in PAG immunoreactivity. The fractions with a large amount of proteins were also purified by chromatofocusing. The analysis of immunoreactive fractions by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by amino-terminal microsequencing on PVDF membranes allowed to identify eight different ovPAG with apparent molecular masses ranging from 55 to 66 kDa and isoelectric points from 4.0 to 6.8. The N-terminal sequences were determined and their comparison to those previously identified revealed that four of them are identical to those encoded by previously known cDNA, while the additional four sequences appear to be novel since they have not yet been described. 相似文献
90.