Factors Influencing the Onset of Chronic Respiratory Disease

To investigate the effect of different environmental and personal factors on ventilatory function 10,971 children resident and going to school in four areas of Kent were examined. Details of past respiratory illnesses were obtained by a questionary completed by the parents; the examination included measurement of height, weight, and peak expiratory flow.Area of residence, social class, family size, and a past history of pneumonia, bronchitis, or asthma were found to be associated with differing levels of peak expiratory flow. These four factors acted independently, and the effects were additive. It is suggested that environment in the early years of life can produce adverse changes which may exist throughout life and contribute to the development of chronic respiratory disease.     

Rapid Sulfonamide Disc Sensitivity Test for Meningococci

Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 90 strains of Neisseria meningitidis were determined by a plate dilution technique that employed twofold changes in concentrations of sulfadiazine. The geometric mean of three MIC determinations on each strain was correlated with inhibition zones produced by a 300-mug sulfathiazole disc. The linear relationship between the logarithm of the geometric mean MIC values and the zone diameters was highly significant. Strains were separated into sensitive and resistant populations by both test procedures. Quantitative criteria for interpreting the sensitivity of a strain by the disc test were established.     

Time Course of Steroid Biosynthesis and Metabolism in Haplopappus heterophyllus

A single dose of mevalonic acid-2-¹⁴C was administered simultaneously to 6 Haplopappus heterophyllus plants. They were harvested at intervals ranging from 3 days to 6 months. Four groups of biosynthetically related sterols were found to be radioactive in each plant, and the changes in radioactivity with time were studied. The most striking finding was a radioactive phenolic material present only in the 6-month plant, which had flowered.     

Inactivation of cephalothin and cephaloridine by Staphylococcus aureus

Benner, Ernest J. (University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle), John V. Bennett, Jean L. Brodie, and William M. M. Kirby. Inactivation of cephalothin and cephaloridine by Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 90:1599-1604. 1965.-Marked differences were observed in the susceptibility of penicillinase-producing staphylococci to cephalothin and cephaloridine. All of 100 strains of penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, with the use of a large inoculum, were found to be susceptible to 2 mug/ml of cephalothin, whereas only 50% were susceptible to this concentration of cephaloridine, and 15% required 15 mug/ml or more for inhibition. In contrast, penicillin G-sensitive strains were more susceptible to cephaloridine and did not show the marked inoculum effect observed with the cephaloridine-resistant strains. These differences were due to a much greater destruction of cephaloridine than of cephalothin by staphylococcal penicillinase. Cephaloridine-resistant staphyloccoci were stronger penicillinase producers than were susceptible strains, and the resistant strains were found to inactivate cephaloridine by hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring. In population studies, cephaloridine-resistant cells differed from methicillin-resistant cells in that they decreased in numbers as the drug concentration was increased, and the survivors in higher drug concentrations were no more resistant than was the parent strain. Treatment with acriflavine eliminated resistance of the cells to both penicillin G and cephaloridine. It was concluded that cephaloridine resistance was due to hydrolysis by penicillinase, and that this was related to the pyridine ring substitution in the cephalosporanic acid nucleus.     

Biological control ofOpuntia spp. byCactoblastis cactorum in the Leeward Islands (West Indies)

Résumé Les auteurs relatent les circonstances de l'introduction dans les ?les Leeward (Antilles), deCactoblastis cactorum (Berg.) (Lepid. Phycitidae) qui eut pour résultat la destruction spectaculaire de diversOpuntia, principalementO. triacantha. Introduit en 1957 dans l'?le Nevis,Cactoblastis s'est établi rapidement et, vers 1960, il produisit d'excellents résultats qui se sont maintenus par la suite. Des matériaux provenant de l'?le Nevis ont été introduits dans les ?les voisines de Montserrat et Antigua. Dans la première, lesOpuntia ont été rapidement détruits. mais faute de conditions culturales convenables, ils ont été remplacés par desAcacia sp. si bien que le bénéfice de l'opération est très faible. Dans l'?le d'Antigua, leCactoblastis s'est acclimaté mais, jusqu'à présent, la destruction desOpuntia n'est pas complète. LeCactoblastis s'est aussi répandu, accidentellement ou non, dans les ?les St. Kitts et U.S. Virgin. Les auteurs donnent la liste d'autres régions où l'introduction de cet insecte pourrait être envisagée. Les espècesDactylopius sp. aff.confusus (Ckll.) etD. opuntiae Ckll. (Hemiptera, Coccidae) ont aussi été introduites dans l'?le Nevis mais ne s'y sont pas maintenues. Les auteurs donnent des raisons possibles de cet échec.      

Role of Lipid in the Protection of Staphylococcus aureus Against Trichlorophenol in Mixed Culture

The sensitivities of Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella schottmuelleri, Aerobacter aerogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus to 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol in sodium borate were studied. It was demonstrated that these gram-negative organisms can protect S. aureus from the effect of the phenol in mixed culture. There is a direct correlation between this protective effect and the quantity of total lipid extracted from the gram-negative organisms. The distribution coefficient between trichlorophenol and the lipid of the cells is related to the sensitivity and capacity to protect S. aureus in mixed culture. Hydrogen bonding between the cell's lipid and the phenolic compound is discussed as a possible mechanism which determines a cell's response to the inhibitor.