The ACTH-interrenal axis in the freshwater stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus form leiurus

Summary The ACTH-interrenal axis of the freshwater stickleback has been examined with the fish in a variety of physiological conditions. A morphometric analysis of ACTH cell ultrastructure in spring animals revealed that the only change from the winter condition was a significant decrease in the amount of perinuclear RER. The interrenal gland responded to metopirone treatment by an increase in both nuclear and cell size, although only a high dose of metopirone could degranulate the ACTH cells. Morphometry of the ACTH cells from metopirone-treated animals showed a significant increase in the amount of RER and a significant decrease in the number of free ribosomes and secretory granules, compared with control animals maintained in freshwater. Such ultrastructural changes may be expected of a cell that is stimulated to increase its secretion of polypeptide hormone. The ACTH-interrenal axis also responded to 70% seawater, as this treatment increased the interrenal cell and nuclear sizes.     

Thermal denaturation of calf thymus DNA: existence of a GC-richer fraction

In 2.5 x 10(-4)M EDTA buffer, the derivative melting curve of calf thymus DNA shows a major band at 47 degrees with a shoulder at about 54 degrees . The fraction of melting area of this shoulder is about 13%. For reconstituted polylysine-calf thymus DNA complexes, in addition to the melting of free DNA regions at about 50 degrees (T(m)) there is another melting at about 106 degrees (T(m)) of polylysine-bound regions. The melting band of the complex at T(m) is not symmetrical. As more polylysine is bound to DNA the melting amplitude is diminished greatly on the major band at 47 degrees but only slightly on the shoulder at 54 degrees . The insensitivity of this shoulder appears to result from the existence of a 13% fraction of calf thymus DNA containing 55% GC. It is not favorably bound by polylysine. It remains in the supernatant after centrifugation and melts at about 54-56 degrees . This conclusion is further supported by two facts: the reconstitution method provides a condition for selective binding of polylysine to AT-rich DNA, and it yields a fully symmetric melting band at T(m) for complexes of polylysine with homogeneous bacterial DNA such as the one from M. luteus.     

Comparison of the effects of ultraviolet light and ethylmethanesulphonate upon the frequency of mitotic recombination in yeast

Summary Host-cell reactivation of gamma-irradiated phage T1 in strains of E. coli K-12 has been compared with HCR of UV-irradiated phage in these same strains and with the radiation sensitivities of these strains (Fig. 1–4). The pattern of the HCR of gammairradiated phage in these strains is like that of the HCR of UV-irradiated phage. HCR in strains whose genotype is uvr ⁺rec^- is like that of the wild type; whereas, HCR is minimal in strains which are uvr ^-. It is suggested that some type of gamma-ray-induced base damage in phage DNA is repaired in uvr ⁺ strains.This work was supported by the United States Atomic Energy Commission Contract No. AT(11-1)-1686. — This is report No. COO-1686-6.Supported in part by the United States Public Health Service Training Grant No. 5T1 RH-80-02(67).     

Influence of Calcium and Magnesium on Manganese Absorption

Mutual effects between Mn, Ca, and Mg were studied during steady-state absorption experiments with excised barley roots. Calcium appeared to enhance the rate of Mn absorption; whereas, Mg had a highly depressive effect. The combination of both Ca and Mg was even more inhibitory to Mn absorption than Mg alone. Manganese had no effect on the usual negligible Ca absorption by this tissue, but effectively inhibited the absorption of Mg. Although divalent cation absorption from the Ca-Mg-Mn system was essentially nil, K absorption was greatly stimulated in the presence of these cations.These mutual effects and others reported in the literature are explained by the hypothesis that selectivity in ion absorption results from cation-induced conformational changes in the structure of the carrier molecule.     

Use of Erythrocytes Sensitized with Purified Pneumococcal Polysaccharides for the Assay of Antibody and Antibody-producing Cells

A method was described for the sensitization of erythrocytes with purified type-specific pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens using chromium chloride as a coupling agent. Erythrocytes so sensitized can be used in routine passive hemagglutination and hemolysis tests as well as in the technique of localized hemolysis-in-gel for the detection of specific antibody and specific antibody-producing cells, respectively.     

Investigation of Reported Aflatoxin Production by Fungi Outside the Aspergillus flavus Group

A screening study of 121 fungus isolates, representing 29 species, for aflatoxin synthesis demonstrated this property only in Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Eight of the organisms found negative were isolates reported by other investigators to produce aflatoxin. Since similar negative reports have come from several other workers, it is concluded that only the A. flavus group of Aspergillus can presently be certified as sources of these toxins. Reasons for possible false-positive findings are discussed along with precautionary measures and differential analytical procedures useful in aflatoxin screening studies.     

Comparative Intermediary Metabolism of Vegetative Cells and Microcysts of Myxococcus xanthus

Crude extracts of both vegetative cells and glycerol-induced microcysts of Myxococcus xanthus contained the following enzyme activities: phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, fructosediphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate carboxylase, citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, and uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase. With the exception of isocitrate dehydrogenase, which was present at a fivefold higher concentration in microcysts, all activities in extracts from both types of cells were essentially equal. Hexokinase and pyruvate kinase could not be detected in extracts from either type of cell. Microcysts metabolized acetate at a lower rate than did vegetative cells. Most of this decrease was reflected in a substantial decrease in ability of microcysts to oxidize acetate to CO(2). In addition, microcysts and vegetative cells showed a different distribution of (14)C-label from incorporated acetate.