Simultaneous parsimony jackknife analysis of 2538rbcL DNA sequences reveals support for major clades of green plants, land plants, seed plants and flowering plants

The ever-larger data matrices resulting from continuing improvements in DNA sequencing techniques require faster and more efficient methods of phylogenetic analysis. Here we explore a promising new method, parsimony jackknifing, by analyzing a matrix comprising 2538 sequences of the chloroplast generbcL. The sequences included cover a broad taxonomic range, from cyanobacteria to flowering plants. Several parsimony jackknife analyses were performed, both with and without branch-swapping and multiple random addition sequences: 1) including all positions; 2) including only first and second codon positions; 3) including only third positions; and 4) using only transversions. The best resolution was obtained using all positions. Removal of third positions or transitions led to massive loss of resolution, although using only transversions somewhat improved basal resolution. While branch-swapping improved both resolution and the support found for several groups, most of the groups could be recovered by faster simple analyses. Designed to eliminate groups poorly supported by the data, parsimony jackknifing recognizes 1400 groups on the basis of allrbcL positions. These include major taxa such as green plants, land plants, flowering plants, monocots and eudicots. We include appendices of supported angiosperm families, as well as larger groups.     

Effectiveness of larvae ofSyrphus ribesii andS. Corollae [Diptera: Syrphidae] as predators onMyzus persicae [Homoptera: Aphididae]

Capture efficiency, handling time and functonal response to prey density were studied in larvae ofSyrphus ribesii (L.) andS. corrollae (Fabr.) eatingMyzus persicae Sulz. at 20°C, 16 hrs light. First instar larvae ofS. ribesii had distinctly higher capture efficiency than 1st instar larvae ofS. corollae, both versus 1st instar and adult aphids. Second and 3rd instar larvae of both species seemed to prefer adult rather than 1st instar aphids, but no distinct difference in capture efficiency between the species was found. On comparable stages,S. ribesii always had shorter handling time thanS. corollae and it appeared in both species to be correlated with size of prey and predator. Handling time was thus shortest when 3rd instar larvae consumed 1st instar aphids. During one hour, 3rd instar larvae ofS. ribesii consumed aphids in quantities almost linearly dependent on aphid density (5, 10, 20 and 40 adult aphids/100 cm²), although the response also could roughly be described byHolling's “basic functional response curve”. On the contrary, 3rd instar larvae ofS. corollae soon reached a maximum consumption during one hour, being almost constant (5–7 aphids) at prey densities ≥10 aphids/100 cm².

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Résumé L'efficacité prédatrice (proportion de toutes les rencontres entre larves de syrphes et pucerons se terminant par la capture et la succion de pucerons), la durée d'activité et la relation entre l'absorption de nourriture et la densité des proies (5, 10, 20 et 40Myzus persicae Sulz. aptères au 5^e stade larvaire/100 cm²) ont été étudiées chez des larves deSyrphus ribesii (L.) etS. corollae (Fabr.) à 20°C et 16 h de photopériode. Les L₁ deS. ribesii présentent une efficacité prédatrice des pucerons des premier et dernier stades nettement plus élevée que les L₁ deS. corollae (S. ribesii: 71 et 38%;S. corollae: 42 et 0%). Chez les larves des 2^e et 3^e stades, on n'a observé aucune différence d'efficacité prédatrice entre les 2 espèces, mais une préférence pour les pucerons adultes. La durée d'activité deS. ribesii est dans tous les cas plus courte que celle deS. corollae pour un même stade de larves et de pucerons. Une corrélation positive semble exister entre la taille des proies et celle des prédateurs. La durée d'activité est la plus courte pour des prédateurs en L₃ s'alimentant de pucerons au premier stade (1,3 mn chezS. ribesii et 2,3 mn chezS. corollae). L'absorption de nourriture enregistrée en une heure chezS. ribesii varie presque linéairement avec la densité des pucerons; elle correspond d'autre part assez bien à la formule deHolling. L'absorption de nourriture parS. corollae atteint un maximum de 7 pucerons à l'heure et demeure pratiquement constante à partir d'une densité≥10 pucerons/100 cm².

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The author wishes to thank techn. ass.Bodil Horgen for assistance during the experiments     

Evolution of Flight in Insects

Norberg, R. Å. (Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.) Evolution of flight in insects. Zool. Scripta 1 (6): 247–250, 1972.–Two hypotheses on the origin of flight in insects are discussed. 1. Gliding hypothesis. If wings and flight originated in ca. 1 cm large, or larger, insects, a leaping type seems to be a more probable candidate than a non-leaping one, since the former type has, with certainty, a high frequency of voluntary air excursions, during which any extensions come into play. Furthermore, it may attain the equilibrium gliding speed by jumping, and need not, if arboreal, lose any height on a steep initial fall to gain speed. 2. Floating hypothesis. The hypothesis presented here is a modified version of that put forward by Wigglesworth in 1963. It is suggested that wings may have originated in very small insects as thin dorsolateral, fringed extensions (like the wings of the smallest flying insects) acting as viscous drag producers, enabling the insects to float in the air with a very slow sinking speed and to be dispersed passively over long distances by thermal convection currents. Mov-ability of the wings would have increased practicability on the ground, and selection pressure for this could have brought about preadaptation for active flapping flight. Monophyly versus convergence of insect wings of conventional type (aerofoil function) is discussed briefly.     

Chemical composition of gas vesicles isolated from Anabaena flos-aquae

Summary Chemical analysis of purified preparations of gas vesicles isolated from the filamentous blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae has shown that they are similar in composition to those isolated from the unicellular alga Microcystis aeruginosa by Jones and Jost (1970), being proteinaceous structures, free of lipid and carbohydrate. The gas vesicle protein from Anabaena contains the same 14 amino acids, in broadly the same proportions; in addition there is a small proportion of proline. No sulphur-containing amino acids are present. The empirical formula, suggested by the amino acid ratios, indicates a molecule of 15000 MW.     

A new type of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in a population of endocrine cells in cat antro-pyloric mucosa

Summary Formaldehyde treatment followed by acidification (formaldehyde-HCl) revealed an extensive system of intensely fluorescent endocrine-like cells in the mucosa of the cat pyloric gland area. Maximum excitation was at 440–450 m and maximum emission at 500–520 m. The cells were barely visible upon treatment with formaldehyde alone or with formaldehyde-ozone. Hence, the properties of the fluorophore in the cat antrum differ from those of all hitherto reported formaldehyde-induced fluorophores.The cells described were argyrophil (but non-argentaffin), they stained with lead-hematoxylin, and they showed green formaldehyde-induced fluorescence after injecting the animal with l-DOPA. It is possible that the formaldehyde-HCl fluorescent cells are identical with the cells believed to store gastrin.     

Application of the glyoxylic acid method to Vibratome sections for the improved visualization of central catecholamine neurons

Summary The glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical method for the visualization of neuronal monoamines has been applied to fresh or glyoxylic acid-perfused brain tissue, sectioned with the Vibratome intrument. This technique demonstrates the central noradrenaline and dopamine neuron systems with a sensitivity and richness in details that is superior to the standard Falck-Hillarp formaldehyde method, as observed in the following three ways: First, the entire axon, including the non-terminal portions, became fluorescent; second, more extensive terminal systems were detected in certain brain regions ; third, due to the absence of diffusion, the delicate dopamine-containing fibres in e. g. the caudate nucleus and the median eminence had a distinct fluorescence. It is concluded that the glyoxylic acid method applied to Vibratome sections should be ideal for precise and detailed neuroanatomical studies on central catecholamine neuron systems.     

Actomyosin ATPase activity in Atlantic hagfish muscles

Summary Incubation for Ca⁺⁺-activated myosin ATPase reveals three types of muscle fibres in m. parietalis of the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa), while m. craniovelaris and m. longitudinalis linguae both contain one type of muscle fibres.The fast twitch white fibres of m. longitudinalis linguae and m. parietalis show relatively high ATPase activity, while the intermediate fibres of m. parietalis show low activity. Despite of being slow non-twitch, the superficial red fibres of m. parietalis and the fibres of m. craniovelaris show an ATPase activity even higher than that of the fast twitch muscle fibres.