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排序方式: 共有772条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
761.
Benedikt Hallgrímsson Heather Jamniczky Nathan M. Young Campbell Rolian Trish E. Parsons Julia C. Boughner Ralph S. Marcucio 《Evolutionary biology》2009,36(4):355-376
Organisms represent a complex arrangement of anatomical structures and individuated parts that must maintain functional associations
through development. This integration of variation between functionally related body parts and the modular organization of
development are fundamental determinants of their evolvability. This is because integration results in the expression of coordinated
variation that can create preferred directions for evolutionary change, while modularity enables variation in a group of traits
or regions to accumulate without deleterious effects on other aspects of the organism. Using our own work on both model systems
(e.g., lab mice, avians) and natural populations of rodents and primates, we explore in this paper the relationship between
patterns of phenotypic covariation and the developmental determinants of integration that those patterns are assumed to reflect.
We show that integration cannot be reliably studied through phenotypic covariance patterns alone and argue that the relationship
between phenotypic covariation and integration is obscured in two ways. One is the superimposition of multiple determinants
of covariance in complex systems and the other is the dependence of covariation structure on variances in covariance-generating
processes. As a consequence, we argue that the direct study of the developmental determinants of integration in model systems
is necessary to fully interpret patterns of covariation in natural populations, to link covariation patterns to the processes
that generate them, and to understand their significance for evolutionary explanation. 相似文献
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763.
Heather A. Jamniczky Benedikt Hallgrímsson 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2009,63(6):1540-1556
Mutations have the ability to produce dramatic changes to covariance structure by altering the variance of covariance-generating developmental processes. Several evolutionary mechanisms exist that may be acting interdependently to stabilize covariance structure, despite this developmental potential for variation within species. We explore covariance structure in the crania of laboratory mouse mutants exhibiting mild-to-significant developmental perturbations of the cranium, and contrast it with covariance structure in related wild muroid taxa. Phenotypic covariance structure is conserved among wild muroidea, but highly variable and mutation-dependent within the laboratory group. We show that covariance structures in natural populations of related species occupy a more restricted portion of covariance structure space than do the covariance structures resulting from single mutations of significant effect or the almost nonexistent genetic differences that separate inbred mouse strains. Our results suggest that developmental constraint is not the primary mechanism acting to stabilize covariance structure, and imply a more important role for other mechanisms. 相似文献
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765.
Anne Clancy Claire Heride Adn Pinto-Fernndez Hannah Elcocks Andreas Kallinos Katherine J. Kayser-Bricker Weiping Wang Victoria Smith Simon Davis Shawn Fessler Crystal McKinnon Marie Katz Tim Hammonds Neil P. Jones Jonathan OConnell Bruce Follows Steven Mischke Justin A. Caravella Stephanos Ioannidis Christopher Dinsmore Sunkyu Kim Axel Behrens David Komander Benedikt M. Kessler Sylvie Urb Michael J. Clague 《The Journal of cell biology》2021,220(3)
When a ribosome stalls during translation, it runs the risk of collision with a trailing ribosome. Such an encounter leads to the formation of a stable di-ribosome complex, which needs to be resolved by a dedicated machinery. The initial stalling and the subsequent resolution of di-ribosomal complexes requires activity of Makorin and ZNF598 ubiquitin E3 ligases, respectively, through ubiquitylation of the eS10 and uS10 subunits of the ribosome. We have developed a specific small-molecule inhibitor of the deubiquitylase USP9X. Proteomics analysis, following inhibitor treatment of HCT116 cells, confirms previous reports linking USP9X with centrosome-associated protein stability but also reveals a loss of Makorin 2 and ZNF598. We show that USP9X interacts with both these ubiquitin E3 ligases, regulating their abundance through the control of protein stability. In the absence of USP9X or following chemical inhibition of its catalytic activity, levels of Makorins and ZNF598 are diminished, and the ribosomal quality control pathway is impaired. 相似文献
766.
767.
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769.
The forelimbs of hylobatids (gibbons and siamang) are distinctive among tetrapods in that they are loaded in overall tension during normal locomotion. While hylobatid ulnae must also encounter bending stresses in the course of their full range of locomotor behavior, their loading regime differs from that of quadrupedal anthropoids in that these bending stresses are distributed evenly along the bone, are not exerted in a preferred plane, and are probably of generally lower magnitude. This study examines the degree to which hylobatid ulnae are adapted to this suspensory loading regime. We obtained cross-sections of ulnae at various increments along the length of the bone using CAT scans. The sample comprises 476 cross-sections representing the ulnae of 25 individuals from five species of comparable body size. We show that in gibbons and siamang, the patterning of ulnar cross-sectional area and resistance to bending in the dorsoventral plane along the ulnar diaphysis differ from that of similarly sized quadrupedal anthropoids in the manner predicted by a suspensory loading regime. We also find the same pattern for the ulnae of Ateles, whose loading regime may be fairly similar to that of hylobatids. However, we find that the cross-sectional shape of the ulnar diaphysis in hylobatids and Ateles does not differ from that of quadrupedal monkeys in the manner predicted by a suspensory loading regime. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
770.
Benedikt Hallgrímsson 《International journal of primatology》1997,18(4):675-676