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951.
Biesemeier JA Beck MJ Silberberg H Myers NR Ariano JM Radovsky A Freshwater L Sved DW Jacobi S Stump DG Hardy ML Stedeford T 《Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology》2011,92(1):17-35
BACKGROUND: Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE; CASRN 1163‐19‐5) is a flame retardant used in a variety of manufactured products. A single oral dose of 20.1 mg/kg administered to mice on postnatal day 3 has been reported to alter motor activity at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. METHODS: To further evaluate these results, a developmental neurotoxicity study was conducted in the most commonly used species for studies of this type, the rat, according to international validated testing guidelines and Good Laboratory Practice Standards. DecaBDE was administered orally via gavage in corn oil to dams from gestation day 6 to weaning at doses of 0, 1, 10, 100, or 1,000 mg/kg/day. Standard measures of growth, development, and neurological endpoints were evaluated in the offspring. Motor activity was assessed at 2 months of age. Additional motor activity assessments were conducted at 4 and 6 months of age. Neuropathology and morphometry evaluations of the offspring were performed at weaning and adulthood. RESULTS: No treatment‐related neurobehavioral changes were observed in detailed clinical observations, startle response, or learning and memory tests. No test substance‐related changes were noted in motor activity assessments performed at 2, 4, or 6 months of age. Finally, no treatment‐related neuropathological or morphometric alterations were found. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of this study, the no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level for developmental neurotoxicity of DecaBDE was 1,000 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:17–35, 2011.© 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
952.
Barga R Howe B Beck D Bowers S Dobyns W Haynes W Higdon R Howard C Roth C Stewart E Welch D Kolker E 《Omics : a journal of integrative biology》2011,15(4):199-201
This article is a summary of the bioinformatics issues and challenges of data-intensive science as discussed in the NSF-funded Data-Intensive Science (DIS) workshop in Seattle, September 19-20, 2010. 相似文献
953.
Retinoic acid (RA) is a known teratogen that is also required endogenously for normal development of the embryo. RA can act as a morphogen, through direct binding to receptors and RA response elements in the genome, and classical studies of limb development and regeneration in amphibians have shown that it is likely to provide positional information. Availability of RA depends on both metabolic synthesis and catabolic degradation, and specific binding proteins act to further modulate the binding of RA to response elements. Here, we describe the expression of seven genes involved in metabolism (Raldh1-3), catabolism (Cyp26a and b) and binding of RA (Crabp1 and 2) during organogenesis in the clawed frog Xenopus laevis. Taken together, this data indicates regions of the embryo that could be affected by RA mediated patterning, and identifies some differences with other vertebrates. 相似文献
954.
Lichens are compound entities of a fungal partner (“mycobiont”) and one or more photosynthetically active algae or cyanobacteria
(“photobionts”). The organisms live in an intimate, symbiotic association which has been classified as a mutualistic or controlled
parasitic relationship. Several metabolites from lichens display unique structures with unknown functions, and only a few
model species have been analysed comprehensively. The complex metabolic interplay between the organisms in lichens is also
incompletely understood. Earlier experiments with 14C-labelled precursors indicated that the photobionts produce from CO2 glucose or sugar alcohols (e.g. ribitol and arabitol) which are then transferred to the mycobionts. In the fungi, these compounds
are believed to be converted into mannitol serving as the carbon and energy source in the downstream metabolic processes.
Recent methodological developments in spectroscopy and “systems biology” now enable a concise analysis of the metabolite profiles,
networks and fluxes by non-targeted quantitative approaches. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about lichen
metabolism and report on the potential of the advanced methods to reinvestigate lichen chemistry and metabolism on a quantitative
basis. 相似文献
955.
This study explores socio-economic gradients in height (stature-for-age) among a nationally representative sample of 2–6 year old children in the United States. We use NHANES III (1988–1994) Youth data linked with a special Natality Data supplement which contains information from birth certificates among sampled NHANES III Youth who are <7 years of age. Our results indicate significant socio-economic gradients for both maternal education and family income, net of controls for confounders, including: birth weight, gestational age, family size, and parental heights. These results are in stark contrast to those from other developed countries that seem to indicate diminished or eliminated socio-economic disparities, net of known confounders. In the United States, it appears that socio-economic gradients have an effect on birth outcomes, and continue to have an additional direct and independent effect on height, even in early childhood. 相似文献
956.
Sohrab Ashrafi Andres Beck Marianne Rutishauser Raphaël Arlettaz Fabio Bontadina 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2011,57(4):843-849
Dietary niche partitioning is postulated to play a major role for the stable coexistence of species within a community, particularly
among cryptic species. Molecular markers have recently revealed the existence of a new cryptic species of long-eared bat,
Plecotus macrobullaris, in the European Alps. We studied trophic niches as well as seasonal and regional variations of diet in eight colonies of
the three Plecotus species occurring in Switzerland. Faeces were collected monthly from individuals returning to roost after foraging. Twenty-one
arthropod categories were recognized from the faeces. All three species fed predominantly on Lepidoptera, which made up 41%,
87% and 88% (means across colonies) of the diet composition of P. auritus, P. macrobullaris and P. austriacus, respectively. The occurrence of numerous fragments of both diurnal and flightless insects in the diet of P. auritus (but rarely in the diet of the other two species) indicates that this species mostly gleans prey from substrates. P. austriacus and P. macrobullaris are more typical aerial feeders. The latter two species have narrow trophic niches, whilst P. auritus has a much broader diet. Comparison of intraspecific and interspecific niche overlaps in P. auritus and P. macrobullaris in sympatry suggests dietary niche partitioning between these two species. In contrast, the high similarity of the trophic
niches of P. austriacus and P. macrobullaris, associated with a typical parapatric distribution, indicates competitive exclusion. The best conservation measures are preservation
and restoration of habitats offering a high abundance of moths, the major prey of the three Plecotus species. 相似文献
957.
958.
Zou F Schäfer N Palesch D Brücken R Beck A Sienczyk M Kalbacher H Sun Z Boehm BO Burster T 《PloS one》2011,6(8):e22815
Autoantigenic peptides resulting from self-proteins such as proinsulin are important players in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Self-proteins can be processed by cathepsins (Cats) within endocytic compartments and loaded to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules for CD4(+) T cell inspection. However, the processing and presentation of proinsulin by antigen-presenting cells (APC) in humans is only partially understood. Here we demonstrate that the processing of proinsulin by B cell or myeloid dendritic cell (mDC1)-derived lysosomal cathepsins resulted in several proinsulin-derived intermediates. These intermediates were similar to those obtained using purified CatG and, to a lesser extent, CatD, S, and V in vitro. Some of these intermediates polarized T cell activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from T1D patients indicative for naturally processed T cell epitopes. Furthermore, CatG activity was found to be elevated in PBMC from T1D patients and abrogation of CatG activity resulted in functional inhibition of proinsulin-reactive T cells. Our data suggested the notion that CatG plays a critical role in proinsulin processing and is important in the activation process of diabetogenic T cells. 相似文献
959.
Natural selection is the basis of all evolutionary applications in biology as well as studies of cultural process in archaeology.
Natural selection is important because it allows us the tools to talk not only about variation in biological systems but also
material culture that are the by-products of the human decision-making processes. In this paper, we provide a baseline of
the concept of natural selection and explanatory application in evolutionary archaeology. 相似文献
960.
The 6th European Antibody Congress (EAC), organized by Terrapinn Ltd., was held in Geneva, Switzerland, which was also the location of the 4th and 5th EAC.1,2 As was the case in 2008 and 2009, the EAC was again the largest antibody congress held in Europe, drawing nearly 250 delegates in 2010. Numerous pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies active in the field of therapeutic antibody development were represented, as were start-up and academic organizations and representatives from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The global trends in antibody research and development were discussed, including success stories of recent marketing authorizations of golimumab (Simponi®) and canakinumab (Ilaris®) by Johnson & Johnson and Novartis, respectively, updates on antibodies in late clinical development (obinutuzumab/GA101, farletuzumab/MORAb-003 and itolizumab/T1 h, by Glycart/Roche, Morphotek and Biocon, respectively) and success rates for this fast-expanding class of therapeutics (Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development). Case studies covering clinical progress of girentuximab (Wilex), evaluation of panobacumab (Kenta Biotech), characterization of therapeutic antibody candidates by protein microarrays (Protagen), antibody-drug conjugates (sanofi-aventis, ImmunoGen, Seattle Genetics, Wyeth/Pfizer), radio-immunoconjugates (Bayer Schering Pharma, Université de Nantes) and new scaffolds (Ablynx, AdAlta, Domantis/GlaxoSmithKline, Fresenius, Molecular Partners, Pieris, Scil Proteins, Pfizer, University of Zurich) were presented. Major antibody structural improvements were showcased, including the latest selection engineering of the best isotypes (Abbott, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre), hinge domain (Pierre Fabre), dual antibodies (Abbott), IgG-like bispecific antibodies (Biogen Idec), antibody epitope mapping case studies (Eli Lilly), insights in FcγRII receptor (University of Cambridge), as well as novel tools for antibody fragmentation (Genovis). Improvements of antibody druggability (Abbott, Bayer, Pierre Fabre, Merrimack, Pfizer), enhancing IgG pharmacokinetics (Abbott, Chugai), progress in manufacturing (Genmab, Icosagen Cell Factory, Lonza, Pierre Fabre) and the development of biosimilar antibodies (Biocon, Sandoz, Triskel) were also discussed. Last but not least, identification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against new therapeutic targets (Genentech, Genmab, Imclone/Lilly, Vaccinex) including Notch, cMet, TGFβRII, SEMA4D, novel development in immunotherapy and prophylaxis against influenza (Crucell), anti-tumor activity of immunostimulatory antibodies (MedImmune/Astra Zeneca) and translations to clinical studies including immunogenicity issues (Amgen, Novartis, University of Debrecen) were presented.Key words: therapeutic antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, protein scaffolds, biosimilars, bioproduction 2011 Mar-Apr; 3(2): 111–132. Published online 2011 Mar 1. doi: 10.4161/mabs.3.2.14788