The interaction of human plasma glycoaminoglycans with plasma lipoproteins.

Modifications of existing methods have allowed for the isolation and purification of various species of plasma glycosaminoglycans on the basis of their sulfate content and molecular size. All of the preparations precipitated human plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL); maximal precipitation occurred with amounts of glycans corresponding to 50 mug of hexuronate and 12 mg of LDL. The interaction of glycans with pyrene-labeled lipoproteins was also studied, measuring variations of the fluorescence emitted by the monomer (M) and excimer (E) species of the bound pyrene. The ratio IE/IM is proportional to c/eta, where c is the microscopic concentration of the pyrene confined to the hydrocarbon region of the lipoprotein and eta is the microviscosity of that region. To 0.12 mg of pyrene-labeled LDL, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) or high density lipoproteins (HDL) were added increasing amounts of the various glycan preparations. The sulfate-rich species decreased the IE/IM ratio of LDL and HDL but not that of VLDL. This finding suggests that the glycan caused a change in lipoprotein conformation associated with either an increased volume or increased microscopic viscosity of the hydrocarbon region. The modification of LDL conformation could be prevented by proteolytic treatment of the sulfate-rich species or by addition to the system of suitable amounts of sulfate-poor species or of chrondroitin-4-sulfate, but could not be prevented by increased ionic concentration. These results suggest that the two main species of plasma glycans are important in maintaining adequate rheological properties of plasma lipoproteins.     

A Multi-Unit Sampling System and Its Use in the Characterization of Ultradian and Infradian Growth in Tetrahymena*

SYNOPSIS. A multi-unit automatic sampling device for investigation of microbial growth under a wide variety of conditions is described. The kinetics of asynchronous population growth for batch cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis (W) at several temperatures show that there are 2 distinct growth phases: an exponential ultradian growth phase that is strongly temperature dependent and a non-stationary growth phase, the infradian phase, that shows little or no temperature dependence over the range from 15–27 C.     

Peroxidase Activity in Linum usitatissimum L.

Peroxidase activity was measured at three stages, from seedlingto maturity, in stem tissue of two genotypes of Linum usitatissimum,and their reciprocal F₁ hybrids. The plants were grown throughoutin growth chambers, allowing close control over the environmentalconditions. There were large and consistent differences betweenthe activities of the parental genotypes, and between dialysedand undialysed extracts. Activities in both parents and theF₁ were expressed on a logarithmic scale. The activity of theF₁ fell, with one exception, between the activities of the twoparents. The relationship of F₁ activity to the mean of theparental activities fluctuated with the stage of growth.     

Tissue elastic properties of eight Hawaiian Dubautia species that differ in habitat and diploid chromosome number

Summary Eight Hawaiian Dubautia species grow in habitats as varied as exposed lava, dry scrub, mesic forest, wet forest, and bog. These species also differ in diploid chromosome number, with four species having 13 pairs of chromosomes and four species having 14 pairs. This ecological and chromosomal variation is paralleled by significant interspecific variation in tissue elastic properties. The four 13-paired species from dry habitats exhibit significantly lower tissue elastic moduli near full hydration (E _i) than the four 14-paired species from mesic to wet habitats. Values of E _i range from 2 to 4 MPa among the former species and from 9 to 18 MPa among the latter species. The turgor dependence of the elastic modulus also differs markedly between the two groups of species. As a result of these differences in tissue elastic properties, the capacity for maintaining high turgor pressures as tissue water content decreases is much greater in the 13-paired species from dry habitats than in the 14-paired species from mesic to wet habitats. These results indicate that the evolutionary diversification of the Dubautia species has been accompanied by a significant degree of change at the physiological level.     

DnaB proteolysis in vivo regulates oligomerization and its localization at oriC in Bacillus subtilis

Initiation of bacterial DNA replication at oriC is mediated by primosomal proteins that act cooperatively to melt an AT-rich region where the replicative helicase is loaded prior to the assembly of the replication fork. In Bacillus subtilis, the dnaD, dnaB and dnaI genes are essential for initiation of DNA replication. We established that their mRNAs are maintained in fast growing asynchronous cultures. DnaB is truncated at its C-terminus in a growth phase-dependent manner. Proteolysis is confined to cytosolic, not to membrane-associated DnaB, and affects oligomerization. Truncated DnaB is depleted at the oriC relative to the native protein. We propose that DNA-induced oligomerization is essential for its action at oriC and proteolysis regulates its localization at oriC. We show that DnaB has two separate ssDNA-binding sites one located within residues 1–300 and another between residues 365–428, and a dsDNA-binding site within residues 365–428. Tetramerization of DnaB is mediated within residues 1–300, and DNA-dependent oligomerization within residues 365–428. Finally, we show that association of DnaB with the oriC is asymmetric and extensive. It encompasses an area from the middle of dnaA to the end of yaaA that includes the AT-rich region melted during the initiation stage of DNA replication.     

Transnational Migration in Rural Oaxaca, Mexico: Dependency, Development, and the Household

Contradictory models of dependency and development have dominated the discussion of migration between Mexico and the United States. Transnational models of migration resolve these contradictions by defining a series of interdependencies (economy and society, for example). Using data collected in a rural Zapotec community in Oaxaca, Mexico, this article focuses on three areas: the stage-specific development of transnational movement; the domestic cycle, household decision making, and migration/remittance outcomes; and the changing nature of community participation. Rooting the discussion in household decision making captures the important role local social variability and economic dynamism play in understanding transnational processes and advancing migration studies. [ households, migration, transnationalism, dependency and development, Oaxaca, Mexico ]