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Alan Winston Alejandro Arenas-Pinto Wolfgang St?hr Martin Fisher Chloe M. Orkin Kazeem Aderogba Andrew De Burgh-Thomas Nigel O'Farrell Charles JN. Lacey Clifford Leen David Dunn Nicholas I. Paton for the PIVOT Trial Team 《PloS one》2013,8(4)
Objective
To describe factors associated with neurocognitive (NC) function in HIV-positive patients on stable combination antiretroviral therapy.Design
We undertook a cross-sectional analysis assessing NC data obtained at baseline in patients entering the Protease-Inhibitor-Monotherapy-Versus-Ongoing-Triple therapy (PIVOT) trial.Main outcome measure
NC testing comprised of 5 domains. Raw results were z-transformed using standard and demographically adjusted normative datasets (ND). Global z-scores (NPZ-5) were derived from averaging the 5 domains and percentage of subjects with test scores >1 standard deviation (SD) below population means in at least two domains (abnormal Frascati score) calculated. Patient characteristics associated with NC results were assessed using multivariable linear regression.Results
Of the 587 patients in PIVOT, 557 had full NC results and were included. 77% were male, 68% Caucasian and 28% of Black ethnicity. Mean (SD) baseline and nadir CD4+ lymphocyte counts were 553(217) and 177(117) cells/µL, respectively, and HIV RNA was <50 copies/mL in all. Median (IQR) NPZ-5 score was −0.5 (−1.2/−0) overall, and −0.3 (−0.7/0.1) and −1.4 (−2/−0.8) in subjects of Caucasian and Black ethnicity, respectively. Abnormal Frascati scores using the standard-ND were observed in 51%, 38%, and 81%, respectively, of subjects overall, Caucasian and Black ethnicity (p<0.001), but in 62% and 69% of Caucasian and Black subjects using demographically adjusted-ND (p = 0.20). In the multivariate analysis, only Black ethnicity was associated with poorer NPZ-5 scores (P<0.001).Conclusions
In this large group of HIV-infected subjects with viral load suppression, ethnicity but not HIV-disease factors is closely associated with NC results. The prevalence of abnormal results is highly dependent on control datasets utilised.Trial registry
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01230580相似文献33.
P A Docherty M J Kuranda N N Aronson J N BeMiller R W Myers J A Bohn 《The Journal of biological chemistry》1986,261(7):3457-3463
The effects of alpha-D-mannopyranosylmethyl-p-nitrophenyltriazene (alpha-ManMNT) on the degradation and biosynthesis of oligosaccharide chains on alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were studied. Addition of the triazene to a perfused liver prevented the complete degradation of endocytosed N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine-labeled asialo-AGP and caused the accumulation of Man2GlcNAc1 fragments in the lysosome-enriched fraction of the liver homogenate. This compound also reduced the reincorporation of lysosomally derived [14C]GlcNAc into newly secreted glycoproteins. Cultured hepatocytes treated with the inhibitor synthesized and secreted fully glycosylated AGP. However, the N-linked oligosaccharide chains on AGP secreted by the alpha-ManMNT-treated hepatocytes remained sensitive to digestion with endoglycosidase H, were resistant to neuraminidase, and consisted of Man9-7GlcNAc2 structures as analyzed by high resolution Bio-Gel P-4 chromatography. As measured by their resistance to cleavage by endoglycosidase H, the normal processing of all six carbohydrate chains on AGP to the complex form did not completely resume until nearly 24 h after triazene treatment. Since alpha-ManMNT is likely to irreversibly inactivate alpha-D-mannosidases, the return of normal AGP secretory forms after 24 h probably resulted from synthesis of new processing enzymes. 相似文献
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Jouvin-Marche E; Cuddihy A; Butler S; Hansen JN; Fitch WM; Rudikoff S 《Molecular biology and evolution》1988,5(5):500-511
The immunoglobulin kappa light-chain constant region gene (C kappa) has
been cloned and sequenced from five wild mouse species. Analysis of these
data has permitted an assessment of single-copy gene evolution during a
limited time period as defined by the genus Mus. Sequence conservation was
found to be as high (or higher) in the 5' and enhancer regions as in the
coding region. The pattern of substitutions throughout these genes suggests
that parallel evolution has occurred frequently and that substitutions at
replacement sites have not decreased significantly, owing to saturation
during this period of approximately 10 Myr. Phylogenetic relationships have
been determined among these wild species as well as among members of the
genus Rattus.
相似文献
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Marjolein?Helder David?PBTB?StrikEmail author Hubertus?VM?Hamelers Cees?JN?Buisman 《Biotechnology for biofuels》2012,5(1):70
Due to a growing world population and increasing welfare, energy demand worldwide is increasing. To meet the increasing energy demand in a sustainable way, new technologies are needed. The Plant-Microbial Fuel Cell (P-MFC) is a technology that could produce sustainable bio-electricity and help meeting the increasing energy demand. Power output of the P-MFC, however, needs to be increased to make it attractive as a renewable and sustainable energy source. To increase power output of the P-MFC internal resistances need to be reduced. With a flat-plate P-MFC design we tried to minimize internal resistances compared to the previously used tubular P-MFC design. With the flat-plate design current and power density per geometric planting area were increased (from 0.15 A/m2 to 1.6 A/m2 and from 0.22 W/m2 to and 0.44 W/m2)as were current and power output per volume (from 7.5 A/m3 to 122 A/m3 and from 1.3 W/m3 to 5.8 W/m3). Internal resistances times volume were decreased, even though internal resistances times membrane surface area were not. Since the membrane in the flat-plate design is placed vertically, membrane surface area per geometric planting area is increased, which allows for lower internal resistances times volume while not decreasing internal resistances times membrane surface area. Anode was split into three different sections on different depths of the system, allowing to calculate internal resistances on different depths. Most electricity was produced where internal resistances were lowest and where most roots were present; in the top section of the system. By measuring electricity production on different depths in the system, electricity production could be linked to root growth. This link offers opportunities for material-reduction in new designs. Concurrent reduction in material use and increase in power output brings the P-MFC a step closer to usable energy density and economic feasibility. 相似文献
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Di-tert-butyl esters of the tetra-O-acetyl and tetra-O-benzyl derivatives or S-α- and -β-D-glucopyranosyl thiophosphates were prepared by reaction of di-tert-butyl triethylammonium phosphorothioate with tetra-O-acetyl- or tetra-O-benzyl-hexopyranosyl halides. 相似文献
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C. C. Lindegren Paraskevi M. BeMiller Kuo -Chun Liu Gertrude Lindegren 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》1972,38(1):17-26
Copper attaches to the nucleoli and the chromosomes of yeast cells. Lindegren and Zink (1969) showed that lipolated mitochondria contain fat and inferred that fat was an energy source. The present study shows that fat is present in the nucleolus and fat is inferred to be an energy source for nucleolar metabolism. The extrusion of nucleoprotein from the nucleolus into the cytoplasm is demonstrated for the first time by electron microscopy. The copper-stained chromosomes are about 90 å in diameter and tightly packed in the nuclear vacuole. 相似文献
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