Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are classified as either formation or resorption markers. Their concentrations in blood or urine of adults are considered to reflect the rate of bone remodelling and may be of use in the management of patients with bone disease. Major inter-method differences exist for BTMs, and harmonisation of methods is currently being pursued at an international level. Based on published data, this article describes age- and sex-specific Australian consensus reference intervals for adults for serum procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide (s-PINP) and serum β-isomerised carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (s-CTX). 相似文献
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) consists of 13 subunits, 3 encoded in the
mitochondrial genome and 10 in the nucleus. Little is known of the role of
the nuclear-encoded subunits, some of which exhibit tissue-specific
isoforms. Subunit VIa is unique in having tissue-specific isoforms in all
mammalian species examined. We examined relative evolutionary rates for the
COX6A heart (H) and liver (L) isoform genes along the length of the
molecule, specifically in relation to the tissue-specific function(s) of
the two isoforms. Nonsynonymous (amino acid replacement) substitutions in
the COX6AH gene occurred more frequently than in the ubiquitously expressed
COX6AL gene. Maximum-parsimony analysis and sequence divergences from
reconstructed ancestral sequences revealed that after the ancestral COX6A
gene duplicated to yield the genes for the H and L isoforms, the sequences
encoding the mitochondrial matrix region of the COX VIa protein experienced
an elevated rate of nonsynonymous substitutions relative to synonymous
substitutions. This is expected for relaxed selective constraints after
gene duplication followed by purifying selection to preserve the
replacements with tissue-specific functions.
相似文献
This study proposes Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a more sensitive, rapid, non‐destructive and operator‐independent analytical diagnostic method for bladder cancer recurrence from bladder wash than other routinely used urine cytology and cystoscopy methods. A total of 136 patients were recruited. FTIR spectroscopic experiments were carried out as a blind study, the classification results of which were then compared with those of cytology and cystoscopy. Firstly, 71 samples (n = 37; bladder cancer and n = 34; control) were studied with transmittance FTIR spectroscopy. After achieving successful differentiation of the groups, to develop a more rapid diagnostic tool and check the reproducibility of the results, the work was continued with different samples (n = 65 as n = 44; bladder cancer and n = 21; control), using the reflection mode (ATR) of FTIR spectroscopy by a different operator. The results revealed significant alterations in moleculer content in the cancer group. Based on the spectral differences, using transmittance FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics, the diseased group was successfully differentiated from the control. When only carcinoma group was taken into consideration a sensitivity value of 100% was achieved. Similar results were also obtained by ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy. This study shows the power of infrared spectroscopy in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.