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41.
Mikhailenko I Battey FD Migliorini M Ruiz JF Argraves K Moayeri M Strickland DK 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2001,276(42):39484-39491
The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is a scavenger receptor that binds several ligands including the activated form of the pan-proteinase inhibitor alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)M*) and amyloid precursor protein, two ligands genetically linked to Alzheimer's disease. To delineate the contribution of LRP to this disease, it will be necessary to identify the sites on this receptor which are responsible for recognizing these and other ligands to assist in the development of specific inhibitors. Structurally, LRP contains four clusters of cysteine-rich repeats, yet studies thus far suggest that only two of these clusters (clusters II and IV) bind ligands. Identifying binding sites within LRP for certain ligands, such as alpha(2)M*, has proven to be difficult. To accomplish this, we mapped the binding site on LRP for two inhibitors of alpha(2)M* uptake, monoclonal antibody 8G1 and an amino-terminal fragment of receptor-associated protein (RAP D1D2). Surprisingly, the inhibitors recognized different clusters of ligand binding repeats: 8G1 bound to repeats within cluster I, whereas the RAP fragment bound to repeats within cluster II. A recombinant LRP mini-receptor containing the repeats from cluster I along with three ligand binding repeats from cluster II was effective in mediating the internalization of (125)I-labeled alpha(2)M*. Together, these studies indicate that ligand binding repeats from both cluster I and II cooperate to generate a high affinity binding site for alpha(2)M*, and they suggest a strategy for developing specific inhibitors to block alpha(2)M* binding to LRP by identifying molecules capable of binding repeats in cluster I. 相似文献
42.
43.
Models of shoot apical meristem function 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
44.
Pseudovivipary is an environmentally induced flowering abnormality in which vegetative shoots replace seminiferous (sexual) inflorescences. Pseudovivipary is usually retained in transplantation experiments, indicating that the trait is not solely induced by the growing environment. Pseudovivipary is the defining characteristic of Festuca vivipara, and arguably the only feature separating this species from its closest seminiferous relative, Festuca ovina. We performed phylogenetic and population genetic analysis on sympatric F. ovina and F. vivipara samples to establish whether pseudovivipary is an adaptive trait that accurately defines the separation of genetically distinct Festuca species. Chloroplast and nuclear marker-based analyses revealed that variation at a geographical level can exceed that between F. vivipara and F. ovina. We deduced that F. vivipara is a recent species that frequently arises independently within F. ovina populations and has not accumulated significant genetic differentiation from its progenitor. We inferred local gene flow between the species. We identified one amplified fragment length polymorphism marker that may be linked to a pseudovivipary-related region of the genome, and several other markers provide evidence of regional local adaptation in Festuca populations. We conclude that F. vivipara can only be appropriately recognized as a morphologically and ecologically distinct species; it lacks genetic differentiation from its relatives. This is the first report of a 'failure in normal flowering development' that repeatedly appears to be adaptive, such that the trait responsible for species recognition constantly reappears on a local basis. 相似文献
45.
46.
E.K. Karapatzak A. Wagstaffe P. Hadley N.H. Battey 《The Annals of applied biology》2012,161(3):255-265
Heat‐induced short‐term reductions in cropping (often referred to as ‘thermodormancy’ by UK strawberry growers) occur frequently in extended‐season everbearing strawberry production in the UK. A 2‐year study evaluated the effects of high temperatures on the performance of pollen in two everbearing strawberry cultivars (cvs ‘Everest’ and ‘Diamante’). Pollen from both cultivars lost its ability to germinate following exposure to a period of high temperature (30/20°C day/night). However, after termination of the high‐temperature episode, germination capacity recovered to levels similar to control plants that were not exposed to high temperature. High temperature also resulted in slower rates of pollen tube growth. As a result, only a small proportion of high‐temperature‐affected flowers developed into fruits. These results suggest that heat‐induced reductions in cropping in everbearing strawberries are associated with reduced pollen performance. 相似文献
47.
Steven O. Moldin Mary E. Farmer Hemin R. Chin James F. Battey Jr. 《Mammalian genome》2001,12(8):575-581
In the post-genomic era, the laboratory mouse will excel as a premier mammalian system to study normal and disordered biological
processes, in part because of low cost, but largely because of the rich opportunities that exist for exploiting genetic tools
and technologies in the mouse to systematically determine mammalian gene function. Many robust models of human disease may
therefore be developed, and these in turn will provide critical clues to understanding gene function. The full potential of
the mouse for understanding many of the neural and behavioral phenotypes of relevance to neuroscientists has yet to be realized.
With the full anatomy of the mouse genome at hand, researchers for the first time will be able to move beyond traditional
gene-by-gene approaches and take a global view of gene expression patterns crucial for neurobiological processes. In response
to an action plan for mouse genomics developed on the basis of recommendations from the scientific community, seven institutes
of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) initiated in 1999 a mouse genetics research program that specifically focused on
neurobiology and complex behavior. The specific goals of these neuroscience initiatives are to develop high-throughput phenotyping
assays and to initiate genome-wide mutagenesis projects to identify hundreds of mutant strains with heritable abnormalities
of high relevance to neuroscientists. Assays and mutants generated in these efforts will be made widely available to the scientific
community, and such resources will provide neuroscientists unprecedented opportunities to elucidate the molecular mechanisms
of neural function and complex behavior. Such research tools ultimately will permit the manipulation and analysis of the mouse
genome, as a means of gaining insight into the genetic bases of the mammalian nervous system and its complex disorders.
Received: 10 April 2001 / Accepted: 23 April 2001 相似文献
48.
Putative mammalian taste receptors: a class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
Taste represents a major form of sensory input in the animal kingdom. In mammals, taste perception begins with the recognition of tastant molecules by unknown membrane receptors localized on the apical surface of receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelium. We report the cloning and characterization of two novel seven-transmembrane domain proteins expressed in topographically distinct subpopulations of taste receptor cells and taste buds. These proteins are specifically localized to the taste pore and are members of a new group of G protein-coupled receptors distantly related to putative mammalian pheromone receptors. We propose that these genes encode taste receptors. 相似文献
49.
The measurement of exocytosis in plant cells 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Battey Nicholas; Carroll Andrew; van Kesteren Pim; Taylor Alison; Brownlee Colin 《Journal of experimental botany》1996,47(6):717-728
Exocytosis is of vital importance to the growth and developmentof plant cells. It is a dynamic process in which vesicles bearingpolysaccharide precursors and proteins fuse with the plasmamembrane and release their contents. Equally important, newplasma membrane is delivered by exocytosis as secretory vesiclemembrane becomes incorporated. The requirements for polysaccharides,proteins and plasma membrane are very different in differentcell types, so there must be sophisticated mechanisms for ensuringdelivery of these materials to the correct cellular locationsat the appropriate time and, particularly in the case of membrane,their recovery and recycling. Currently, little is known ofthese mechanisms in plants, but new methods for measuring exocytosisare under development, and existing techniques have alreadycontributed data of considerable relevance. Here the methodsfor measuring exocytosis are described and evaluated, with emphasison the electrophysiological measurement of capacitance as arelatively non-invasive method, and on cell-free assays becauseof their potential importance in the identification of proteinsand other factors that control exocytosis in plant cells. Key words: Exocytosis, vesicle traffic, vesicle fusion, polysaccharides, cell wall, cell plate, root cap, secretion, patch-clamping 相似文献
50.
M H Corjay D J Dobrzanski J M Way J Viallet H Shapira P Worland E A Sausville J F Battey 《The Journal of biological chemistry》1991,266(28):18771-18779
Bombesin-like peptides have been implicated as autocrine growth factors influencing the pathogenesis and progression of some human lung carcinoma cells. To determine the pharmacologic and structural properties of the bombesin receptors expressed in human lung carcinoma cells, cDNA clones encoding a human gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) and a pharmacologically distinct neuromedin-B preferring bombesin-receptor (NMB-R) were isolated from a human small cell lung carcinoma cell line (NCI-H345). After expression in Xenopus oocytes, a GRP-R-specific antagonist was effective in blocking responses elicited from the cloned GRP-R, but not the NMB-R. Both GRP-R and NMB-R mRNA expression was detected at varying levels in a panel of human lung cancer cell lines. These results indicate heterogeneity of bombesin receptor subtypes exists in human lung carcinoma cells and should be considered in the design of bombesin receptor antagonists intended to inhibit tumor cell growth. 相似文献