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Pompeani AJ Irgon JJ Berger MF Bulyk ML Wingreen NS Bassler BL 《Molecular microbiology》2008,70(1):76-88
Quorum sensing is the process of cell-to-cell communication by which bacteria communicate via secreted signal molecules called autoinducers. As cell population density increases, the accumulation of autoinducers leads to co-ordinated changes in gene expression across the bacterial community. The marine bacterium, Vibrio harveyi, uses three autoinducers to achieve intra-species, intra-genera and inter-species cell-cell communication. The detection of these autoinducers ultimately leads to the production of LuxR, the quorum-sensing master regulator that controls expression of the genes in the quorum-sensing regulon. LuxR is a member of the TetR protein superfamily; however, unlike other TetR repressors that typically repress their own gene expression and that of an adjacent operon, LuxR is capable of activating and repressing a large number of genes. Here, we used protein binding microarrays and a two-layered bioinformatics approach to show that LuxR binds a 21 bp consensus operator with dyad symmetry. In vitro and in vivo analyses of two promoters directly regulated by LuxR allowed us to identify those bases that are critical for LuxR binding. Together, the in silico and biochemical results enabled us to scan the genome and identify novel targets of LuxR in V. harveyi and thus expand the understanding of the quorum-sensing regulon. 相似文献
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TJ Beveridge 《Biotechnic & histochemistry》2001,76(3):111-118
The Gram stain differentiates bacteria into two fundamental varieties of cells. Bacteria that retain the initial crystal violet stain (purple) are said to be 'Gram-positive,' whereas those that are decolorized and stain red with carbol fuchsin (or safranin) are said to be 'Gram-negative.' This staining response is based on the chemical and structural makeup of the cell walls of both varieties of bacteria. Gram-positives have a thick, relatively impermeable wall that resists decolorization and is composed of peptidoglycan and secondary polymers. Gram-negatives have a thin peptidoglycan layer plus an overlying lipid-protein bilayer known as the outer membrane, which can be disrupted by decolorization. Some bacteria have walls of intermediate structure and, although they are officially classified as Gram-positives because of their linage, they stain in a variable manner. One prokaryote domain, the Archaea, have such variability of wall structure that the Gram stain is not a useful differentiating tool. 相似文献
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Replication slippage may cause parallel evolution in the secondary structures of mitochondrial transfer RNAs 总被引:9,自引:4,他引:5
Presence of the dihydrouridine (D) stem in the mitochondrial cysteine tRNA
is unusually variable among lepidosaurian reptiles. Phylogenetic and
comparative analyses of cysteine tRNA gene sequences identify eight
parallel losses of the D-stem, resulting in D-arm replacement loops.
Sampling within the monophyletic Acrodonta provides no evidence for
reversal. Slipped-strand mispairing of noncontiguous repeated sequences
during replication or direct replication slippage can explain repeats
observed within cysteine tRNAs that contain a D-arm replacement loop. These
two mechanisms involving replication slippage can account for the loss of
the cysteine tRNA D-stem in several lepidosaurian lineages, and may
represent general mechanisms by which the secondary structures of
mitochondrial tRNAs are altered.
相似文献
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Tao Long Kimberly C Tu Yufang Wang Pankaj Mehta N. P Ong Bonnie L Bassler Ned S Wingreen 《PLoS biology》2009,7(3)
Cell-to-cell communication in bacteria is a process known as quorum sensing that relies on the production, detection, and response to the extracellular accumulation of signaling molecules called autoinducers. Often, bacteria use multiple autoinducers to obtain information about the vicinal cell density. However, how cells integrate and interpret the information contained within multiple autoinducers remains a mystery. Using single-cell fluorescence microscopy, we quantified the signaling responses to and analyzed the integration of multiple autoinducers by the model quorum-sensing bacterium Vibrio harveyi. Our results revealed that signals from two distinct autoinducers, AI-1 and AI-2, are combined strictly additively in a shared phosphorelay pathway, with each autoinducer contributing nearly equally to the total response. We found a coherent response across the population with little cell-to-cell variation, indicating that the entire population of cells can reliably distinguish several distinct conditions of external autoinducer concentration. We speculate that the use of multiple autoinducers allows a growing population of cells to synchronize gene expression during a series of distinct developmental stages. 相似文献
29.
Gene expression is stochastic, and noise that arises from the stochastic nature of biochemical reactions propagates through active regulatory links. Thus, correlations in gene-expression noise can provide information about regulatory links. We present what to our knowledge is a new approach to measure and interpret such correlated fluctuations at the level of single microcolonies, which derive from single cells. We demonstrated this approach mathematically using stochastic modeling, and applied it to experimental time-lapse fluorescence microscopy data. Specifically, we investigated the relationships among LuxO, LuxR, and the small regulatory RNA qrr4 in the model quorum-sensing bacterium Vibrio harveyi. Our results show that LuxR positively regulates the qrr4 promoter. Under our conditions, we find that qrr regulation weakly depends on total LuxO levels and that LuxO autorepression is saturated. We also find evidence that the fluctuations in LuxO levels are dominated by intrinsic noise. We furthermore propose LuxO and LuxR interact at all autoinducer levels via an unknown mechanism. Of importance, our new method of evaluating correlations at the microcolony level is unaffected by partition noise at cell division. Moreover, the method is first-order accurate and requires less effort for data analysis than single-cell-based approaches. This new correlation approach can be applied to other systems to aid analysis of gene regulatory circuits. 相似文献
30.
Christine Schmucker Lisa K. Schell Susan Portalupi Patrick Oeller Laura Cabrera Dirk Bassler Guido Schwarzer Roberta W. Scherer Gerd Antes Erik von Elm Joerg J. Meerpohl 《PloS one》2014,9(12)