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Mapping the carbon reduction cycle: a personal retrospective 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bassham JA 《Photosynthesis research》2003,76(1-3):35-52
The photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle was elucidated through the use of 14CO2 during photosynthesis to label metabolic intermediates. Mapping and proof of the cycle required identification of labeled
metabolites, observation of changes in levels of labeled metabolites during transitions from light to dark and from high to
low CO2 levels, determination of intramolecular distribution of 14C within the metabolites after a few seconds of photosynthesis with 14CO2, and estimation of metabolite concentrations, used to calculate true free energy changes at each step in the cycle.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Multiple types of vacuoles can exist within the same plant cell, and different vesicle-trafficking pathways transport proteins to each of them. Recent work has identified proteins unique to each vacuole type, and the transport pathways have begun to be elucidated. Plant trafficking proteins are usually encoded by small gene families, the different members of which have distinct functions in the endomembrane system. 相似文献
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Plant cells frequently encounter oxidative stress, leading to oxidative damage and inactivation of proteins. We have recently demonstrated that oxidative stress induces autophagy in Arabidopsis seedlings in an AtATG18a-dependent manner and that RNAi-AtATG18a transgenic lines, which are defective in autophagosome formation, are hypersensitive to reactive oxygen species. Analysis of protein oxidation indicated that oxidized proteins are degraded in the vacuole after uptake by autophagy, and this degradation is impaired in RNAi-AtATG18a lines. Our results also suggest that in the absence of a functional autophagy pathway, plants are under increased oxidative stress, even under normal growth conditions. 相似文献
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The Brachyury, or T, gene is required for notochord development in animals occupying all three chordate subphyla and probably also had this role in the last common ancestor of the chordate lineages. In two chordate subphyla (vertebrates and cephalochordates), T is also expressed during gastrulation in involuting endodermal and mesodermal cells, and in vertebrates at least, this expression domain is required for proper development. In the basally diverging chordate subphylum Urochordata, animals in the class Ascidiacea do not employ T during gastrulation in endodermal or nonaxial mesodermal cells, and it has been suggested that nonnotochordal roles for T were acquired in the cephalochordate–vertebrate lineage after it split with Urochordata. To test this hypothesis, we cloned T from Oikopleura dioica, a member of the urochordate class Appendicularia (or Larvacea), which diverged basally in the subphylum. Investigation of the expression pattern in developing Oikopleura embryos showed early expression in presumptive notochord precursor cells, in the notochord, and in parts of the developing gut and cells of the endodermal strand. We conclude that the ancestral role of T likely included expression in the developing gut and became necessary in chordates for construction of the notochord. 相似文献
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Some newly synthesized proteins contain signals that direct their transport to their final location within or outside of the cell. Targeting signals are recognized by specific protein receptors located either in the cytoplasm or in the membrane of the target organelle. Specific membrane protein complexes are involved in insertion and translocation of polypeptides across the membranes. Often, additional targeting signals are required for a polypeptide to be further transported to its site of function. In this review, we will describe the trafficking of proteins to various cellular organelles (nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes) with emphasis on transport to and through the secretory pathway. 相似文献
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Brice E. Floyd Stephanie C. Morriss Gustavo C. MacIntosh Diane C. Bassham 《植物学报(英文版)》2012,54(11):907-920
Autophagy is a macromolecular degradation pathway by which cells recycle their contents as a developmental process, housekeeping mechanism, and response to environmental stress. In plants, autophagy involves the sequestration of cargo to be degraded, transport to the cell vacuole in a double-membrane bound autophagosome, and subsequent degradation by lytic enzymes. Autophagy has generally been considered to be a non-selective mechanism of degradation. However, studies in yeast and animals have found numerous examples of selective autophagy, with cargo including proteins, protein aggregates, and organelles. Recent work has also provided evidence for several types of selective autophagy in plants. The degradation of protein aggregates was the first selective autophagy described in plants, and, more recently, a hybrid protein of the mammalian selective autophagy adaptors p62 and NBR1, which interacts with the autophagy machinery and may function in autophagy of protein aggregates, was described in plants. Other intracellular components have been suggested to be selectively targeted by autophagy in plants, but the current evidence is limited. Here, we discuss recent findings regarding the selective targeting of cell components by autophagy in plants. 相似文献