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The dwarf scorpionfish Scorpaena papillosa detected the hydrodynamic signals produced by prey with the mechanosensory lateral line. This species displayed a pause and move search pattern that is consistent with a saltatory search. The pause phase of the search cycle was probably used to detect prey because pauses often ended early in order to initiate an approach at prey and prey were detected throughout the search space. The move phase of the search cycle repositioned the fish so that it moved approximately a third of the reactive distance. Move distance was found to be the most important factor in gaining novel search space. Turning was shown to be relatively unimportant in gaining novel search space with a high frequency of low turn angles made by the fish. The dwarf scorpionfish, however, exhibited a spiralling or looping pattern over a search path exhibiting a turn bias towards either the left or right. The dwarf scorpionfish adopted a search behaviour that is consistent with a saltatory search and efficient for lateral line predation. 相似文献
66.
The initial steps in taste and olfaction result from the activation by
chemical stimuli of taste receptor cells (TRCs) and olfactory receptor
neurons (ORNs). In parallel with these two pathways is the chemosensitive
trigeminal pathway whose neurons terminate in the oral and nasal cavities
and which are activated by many of the same chemical stimuli that activate
TRCs and ORNs. In a recent single unit study we investigated the responses
of rat chorda tympani and glossopharnygeal neurons to a variety of
bitter-tasting alkaloids, including nicotine, yohimbine, quinine,
strychnine and caffeine, as well as capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in
hot pepper. Here we apply many of these same compounds to cultured rat
trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and measure changes in intracellular
calcium [Ca2+]i to determine whether TG neurons will respond to these same
compounds. Of the 89 neurons tested, 34% responded to 1 mM nicotine, 7% to
1 mM caffeine, 5% to 1 mM denatonium benzoate, 22% to 1 mM quinine
hydrochloride, 18% to 1 mM strychnine and 55% to 1 microM capsaicin. These
data suggest that neurons from the TG respond to the same bitter-tasting
chemical stimuli as do TRCs and are likely to contribute information sent
to the higher CNS regarding the perception of bitter/irritating chemical
stimuli.
相似文献
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The pentose cycle and insulin release in mouse pancreatic islets 总被引:35,自引:17,他引:18
S. J. H. Ashcroft L. C. C. Weerasinghe J. M. Bassett P. J. Randle 《The Biochemical journal》1972,126(3):525-532
1. Rates of insulin release, glucose utilization (measured as [(3)H]water formation from [5-(3)H]glucose) and glucose oxidation (measured as (14)CO(2) formation from [1-(14)C]- or [6-(14)C]-glucose) were determined in mouse pancreatic islets incubated in vitro, and were used to estimate the rate of oxidation of glucose by the pentose cycle pathway under various conditions. Rates of oxidation of [U-(14)C]ribose and [U-(14)C]xylitol were also measured. 2. Insulin secretion was stimulated fivefold when the medium glucose concentration was raised from 3.3 to 16.7mm in the absence of caffeine; in the presence of caffeine (5mm) a similar increase in glucose concentration evoked a much larger (30-fold) increase in insulin release. Glucose utilization was also increased severalfold as the intracellular glucose concentration was raised over this range, particularly between 5 and 11mm, but the rate of oxidation of glucose via the pentose cycle was not increased. 3. Glucosamine (20mm) inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release and glucose utilization but not glucose metabolism via the pentose cycle. No evidence was obtained for any selective effect on the metabolism of glucose via the pentose cycle of tolbutamide, glibenclamide, dibutyryl 3':5'-cyclic AMP, glucagon, caffeine, theophylline, ouabain, adrenaline, colchicine, mannoheptulose or iodoacetamide. Phenazine methosulphate (5mum) increased pentose-cycle flux but inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release. 4. No formation of (14)CO(2) from [U-(14)C]ribose could be detected: [U-(14)C]xylitol gave rise to small amounts of (14)CO(2). Ribose and xylitol had no effect on the rate of oxidation of glucose; ribitol and xylitol had no effect on the rate of glucose utilization. Ribose, ribitol and xylitol did not stimulate insulin release under conditions in which glucose produced a large stimulation. 5. It is concluded that in normal mouse islets glucose metabolism via the pentose cycle does not play a primary role in insulin-secretory responses. 相似文献
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The histological effect on and stress response of post juvenile Clarias gariepinus exposed to Qua Iboe crude oil and rig wash were investigated. Fish weighing 60–90 g and measuring 16–18 cm were exposed for 7–28 days to 8.00 ml?1 Qua Iboe crude oil and 0.0018 ml–1 rig wash, both being 0.1 of the 96 hr LC50. Blood samples of C. gariepinus were collected every seven days and evaluated for stress by measuring cortisol concentration. The gills and liver were studied and scored for Gill Alteration Index (GAI) and Hepatic Alteration Index (HAI), respectively. There was an increase in cortisol level up to the 7th and 14th day among the group exposed to Qua Iboe crude oil, with a decrease on the 21st and 28th day. The rig wash group increased in cortisol level up to the 7th day and decreased slightly on the 14th day, after which the trend became irregular. The toxic effects of the Qua Iboe crude oil and rig wash were time dependent, as shown by the histopathological alteration index (HAI) of gill and liver. After 28 days of exposure, the gills had irreparable damage due to high frequency of cellular necrosis and degeneration, whereas the liver had from moderate to severe damage due to the high frequency of cellular degeneration and inflammation. Qua Iboe crude oil and rig wash are both toxic to C. gariepinus, therefore their indiscriminate discharge to the environment must be discouraged. 相似文献