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71.
A GFP-MAP4 reporter gene for visualizing cortical microtubule rearrangements in living epidermal cells 总被引:15,自引:7,他引:8
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J Marc CL Granger J Brincat DD Fisher Th Kao AG McCubbin RJ Cyr 《The Plant cell》1998,10(11):1927-1940
Microtubules influence morphogenesis by forming distinct geometrical arrays in the cell cortex, which in turn affect the deposition of cellulose microfibrils. Although many chemical and physical factors affect microtubule orientation, it is unclear how cortical microtubules in elongating cells maintain their ordered transverse arrays and how they reorganize into new geometries. To visualize these reorientations in living cells, we constructed a microtubule reporter gene by fusing the microtubule binding domain of the mammalian microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) gene with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, and transient expression of the recombinant protein in epidermal cells of fava bean was induced. The reporter protein decorates microtubules in vivo and binds to microtubules in vitro. Confocal microscopy and time-course analysis of labeled cortical arrays along the outer epidermal wall revealed the lengthening, shortening, and movement of microtubules; localized microtubule reorientations; and global microtubule reorganizations. The global microtubule orientation in some cells fluctuates about the transverse axis and may be a result of a cyclic self-correcting mechanism to maintain a net transverse orientation during cellular elongation. 相似文献
72.
73.
The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity
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Astrid S. Holzer Pavla Bartošová‐Sojková Ana Born‐Torrijos Alena Lövy Ashlie Hartigan Ivan Fiala 《Molecular ecology》2018,27(7):1651-1666
The relationships between parasites and their hosts are intimate, dynamic and complex; the evolution of one is inevitably linked to the other. Despite multiple origins of parasitism in the Cnidaria, only parasites belonging to the Myxozoa are characterized by a complex life cycle, alternating between fish and invertebrate hosts, as well as by high species diversity. This inspired us to examine the history of adaptive radiations in myxozoans and their hosts by determining the degree of congruence between their phylogenies and by timing the emergence of myxozoan lineages in relation to their hosts. Recent genomic analyses suggested a common origin of Polypodium hydriforme, a cnidarian parasite of acipenseriform fishes, and the Myxozoa, and proposed fish as original hosts for both sister lineages. We demonstrate that the Myxozoa emerged long before fish populated Earth and that phylogenetic congruence with their invertebrate hosts is evident down to the most basal branches of the tree, indicating bryozoans and annelids as original hosts and challenging previous evolutionary hypotheses. We provide evidence that, following invertebrate invasion, fish hosts were acquired multiple times, leading to parallel cospeciation patterns in all major phylogenetic lineages. We identify the acquisition of vertebrate hosts that facilitate alternative transmission and dispersion strategies as reason for the distinct success of the Myxozoa, and identify massive host specification‐linked parasite diversification events. The results of this study transform our understanding of the origins and evolution of parasitism in the most basal metazoan parasites known. 相似文献
74.
75.
P. Bartoš 《Biologia Plantarum》1979,21(6):417-417
76.
Peripheral alpha1,3-fucosylation of glycans occurs by the action of either
one of five different alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases (Fuc-Ts) cloned to date.
Fuc-TVI is one of the alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases which is capable to
synthesize selectin ligands. The major alpha1, 3- fucosyltransferase
activity in human plasma is encoded by the gene for fucosyltransferase VI,
which presumably originates from liver cells. While the sequence,
chromosomal localization, and kinetic properties of Fuc-TVI are known,
immunocytochemical localization and trafficking studies have been
impossible because of the lack of specific antibodies. Here we report on
the development and characterization of a peptide-specific polyclonal
antiserum monospecific to Fuc-TVI and an antiserum to purified soluble
recombinant Fuc-TVI crossreactive with Fuc-TIII and Fuc-TV. Both antisera
were applied for immunodetection in stably transfected CHO cells expressing
the full-length form of this enzyme (CHO clone 61/11). Fuc-TVI was found to
be a resident protein of the Golgi apparatus. In addition, more than 30% of
cell-associated and released enzyme activity was found in the medium.
Maturation and release of Fuc-TVI was analyzed in metabolically labeled CHO
61/11 cells followed by immunoprecipitation. Fuc-TVI occurred in two forms
of 47 kDa and 43 kDa bands, while the secreted form was detected as a 43
kDa. These two different intracellular forms arose by posttranslational
modification, as shown by pulse-chase experiments. Fuc-TVI was released to
the supernatant by proteolytic cleavage as a partially endo-H resistant
glycoform.
相似文献
77.
We observed hand use in free-ranging aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) on an island in the Mananara River, eastern Madagascar. The results were compared with those of two conflicting studies
on hand laterality in captive aye-ayes. We argue that patterns of hand preference in wild aye-ayes are comparable to those
of captive animals and that discrepancies between studies are—at least partly—caused by different ways of collecting and processing
data. Aye-ayes fit Level 2 of the categories of hand laterality described by McGrew and Marchant (Yearb Phys Anthropol 40:201–232,
1997), with some individuals showing significant hand preference, but with the proportion of right- to left-preferent animals
being very close to 1:1. We observed hand preference to be consistent for two of the most frequent behaviors, tapping and
probing with fingers. Reaching and holding objects in hands is rare in aye-ayes, and the patterns of hand use in aye-ayes
are therefore not directly comparable with those of other prosimians in which laterality has been studied. We detected no
effect of sex on hand preference and were unable to determine whether there is an effect of age. The posture adopted by the
animals did not influence hand preference. 相似文献
78.
Zdeněk Bauer Miroslav Trnka Jana Bauerová Martin Možný Petr Štěpánek Lenka Bartošová Zdeněk Žalud 《International journal of biometeorology》2010,54(1):99-111
This study is based on 47 years of observations (1961–2007) on two common bird species, the Great Tit (Parus major) and the Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis), and a dominant tree species in their habitat, the English Oak (Quercus robur). The study took place at four research sites in the Czech Republic located in full-grown, multi-aged floodplain forests
with no forestry management. An increase in air temperature over the evaluated period clearly influenced the length of phenological
phases. The full foliage date of English Oak has advanced by 8.7 days during the past 47 years. Great Tit and Collared Flycatcher
populations have reacted to the changing climate in the same way, with first laying date and mean laying date advancing by
between 6.0 and 9.0 days. In all cases, the trends are highly significant and consistent over all sites. Despite the ongoing
shift in phenological stages toward the beginning of the year, the change does not appear to have led to mistiming in the
trophic food chain. Overall, this study shows almost identical rates of change in egg laying dates for both bird species in
all the floodplain forests studied, and these trends are coherent with those of English Oak and peak herbivorous caterpillar
activity. 相似文献
79.
JC de Mauroy HR Weiss AG Aulisa L Aulisa JI Brox J Durmala C Fusco TB Grivas J Hermus T Kotwicki G Le Blay A Lebel L Marcotte S Negrini L Neuhaus T Neuhaus P Pizzetti L Revzina B Torres PJM Van Loon E Vasiliadis M Villagrasa M Werkman M Wernicka MS Wong F Zaina 《Scoliosis》2010,5(1):1-15
Abstract
Thoracic hyperkyphosis is a frequent problem and can impact greatly on patient's quality of life during adolescence. This condition can be idiopathic or secondary to Scheuermann disease, a disease disturbing vertebral growth. To date, there is no sound scientific data available on the management of this condition. Some studies discuss the effects of bracing, however no guidelines, protocols or indication's of treatment for this condition were found. The aim of this paper was to develop and verify the consensus on managing thoracic hyperkyphosis patients treated with braces and/or physiotherapy.Methods
The Delphi process was utilised in four steps gradually modified according to the results of a set of recommendations: we involved the SOSORT Board twice, then all SOSORT members twice, with a Pre-Meeting Questionnaire (PMQ), and during a Consensus Session at the SOSORT Lyon Meeting with a Meeting Questionnaire (MQ).Results
There was an unanimous agreement on the general efficacy of bracing and physiotherapy for this condition. Most experts suggested the use of 4-5 point bracing systems, however there was some controversy with regards to physiotherapeutic aims and modalities.Conclusion
The SOSORT panel of experts suggest the use of rigid braces and physiotherapy to correct thoracic hyperkyphosis during adolescence. The evaluation of specific braces and physiotherapy techniques has been recommended. 相似文献80.
Although prey species typically respond to the most limiting factors at coarse spatiotemporal scales while addressing biological requirements at finer scales, such behaviour may become challenging for species inhabiting human altered landscapes. We investigated how woodland caribou, a threatened species inhabiting North-American boreal forests, modified their fine-scale movements when confronted with forest management features (i.e. clearcuts and roads). We used GPS telemetry data collected between 2004 and 2010 on 49 female caribou in a managed area in Québec, Canada. Movements were studied using a use – availability design contrasting observed steps (i.e. line connecting two consecutive locations) with random steps (i.e. proxy of immediate habitat availability). Although caribou mostly avoided disturbances, individuals nonetheless modulated their fine-scale response to disturbances on a daily and annual basis, potentially compromising between risk avoidance in periods of higher vulnerability (i.e. calving, early and late winter) during the day and foraging activities in periods of higher energy requirements (i.e. spring, summer and rut) during dusk/dawn and at night. The local context in which females moved was shown to influence their decision to cross clearcut edges and roads. Indeed, although females typically avoided crossing clearcut edges and roads at low densities, crossing rates were found to rapidly increase in greater disturbance densities. In some instance, however, females were less likely to cross edges and roads as densities increased. Females may then be trapped and forced to use disturbed habitats, known to be associated with higher predation risk. We believe that further increases in anthropogenic disturbances could exacerbate such behavioural responses and ultimately lead to population level consequences. 相似文献