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981.
Cholera disease, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, afflicts hundreds of thousands worldwide each year. Endemic to aquatic environments, V. cholerae's proliferation and dynamics in marine systems are not well understood. Here, we show that under a variety of coastal seawater conditions V. cholerae remained primarily in a free-living state as opposed to attaching to particles. Growth rates of free-living V. cholerae (micro: 0.6-2.9 day(-1)) were high (similar to reported values for the bacterial assemblages; 0.3-2.5 day(-1)) particularly in phytoplankton bloom waters. However, these populations were subject to heavy grazing-mortality by protozoan predators. Thus, grazing-mortality counterbalanced growth, keeping V. cholerae populations in check. Net population gains were observed under particularly intense bloom conditions when V. cholerae proliferated, overcoming grazing pressure terms in part via rapid growth (> 4 doublings day(-1)). Our results show V. cholerae is subject to protozoan control and capable of utilizing multiple proliferation pathways in the marine environment. These findings suggest food web effects play a significant role controlling this pathogen's proliferation in coastal waters and should be considered in predictive models of disease risk.  相似文献   
982.
Marine microbes have evolved to live along extreme environmental gradients, whether at the microscale, in proximity to particles or over the entire water column. Using community genomics, DeLong et al. highlight deduced biological differences that result from open-ocean depth gradients. The power of the large-insert libraries used is that both phylogeny and function can be inferred from the genetic material obtained--even for uncultured microbes. Together with complete genomes of marine isolates and advances in physiology and ecology, this study paves the way for ecosystems biology approaches to dynamics and controls of marine microbial populations.  相似文献   
983.
Many human diseases are caused by pathogens that produce exotoxins. The genes that encode these exotoxins are frequently encoded by mobile DNA elements such as plasmids or phage. Mobile DNA elements can move exotoxin genes among microbial hosts, converting avirulent bacteria into pathogens. Phage and bacteria from water, soil, and sediment environments represent a potential reservoir of phage- and plasmid-encoded exotoxin genes. The genes encoding exotoxins that are the causes of cholera, diphtheria, enterohemorrhagic diarrhea, and Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning were found in soil, sediment, and water samples by standard PCR assays from locations where the human diseases are uncommon or nonexistent. On average, at least one of the target exotoxin genes was detected in approximately 15% of the more than 300 environmental samples tested. The results of standard PCR assays were confirmed by quantitative PCR (QPCR) and Southern dot blot analyses. Agreement between the results of the standard PCR and QPCR ranged from 63% to 84%; and the agreement between standard PCR and Southern dot blots ranged from 50% to 66%. Both the cholera and shiga exotoxin genes were also found in the free phage DNA fraction. The results indicate that phage-encoded exotoxin genes are widespread and mobile in terrestrial and aquatic environments.  相似文献   
984.
Laser photocoagulation induced choroidal neovascularization currently is the most effective model available for the study of this disease in terms of efficacy of new drugs and therapies. Previously, evaluating the extent of choroidal neovascularization using this model was time- consuming and required the use of experienced personnel. We describe a new method for simple and rapid evaluation of laser induced choroidal neovascularization using densitometry. Fluorescein angiograms of a laser photocoagulated rat eye were scanned into a computer. Densitometry software subsequently was used to calculate the severity of the laser lesions. The densitometry method proved effective for calculating the extent of laser induced choroidal neovascularization. In addition, this method was more rapid than visual evaluations and less likely to produce errors.  相似文献   
985.
986.
Approximately 25% of patients with colorectal cancer develop metastases to the liver, and surgery is currently the best treatment available. But there are several patients who are unresectable, and isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) offers a different approach in helping to treat these patients. IHP is a method used for isolating the liver and delivering high doses of chemotherapeutic agents. The efficacy of IHP has been improved by combining hyperthermia not only with chemotherapeutics but with other deliverable agents such as tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL). In this study, we used human colorectal cancer CX‐1 cells and treated them with hyperthermia and TRAIL, causing cytotoxicity. We were able to demonstrate that the numbers of live cells were significantly reduced with hyperthermia and 10 ng/ml of TRAIL combined. We also showed that the effect of hyperthermia on TRAIL in our studies was enhancement of the apoptotic pathway by the promotion of JNK and BimEL activity as well as PARP cleavage. We have also used our CX‐1 cells to generate tumors in Balb/c nude mice. With intratumoral injections of TRAIL combined with hyperthermia at 42°C, we were able to show a delayed onset of tumor growth in our xenograft model. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 1073–1081, 2010. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.  相似文献   
987.
988.
989.
Although tau is mainly known as an axonal microtubule-associated protein,many studies indicate that it is not restricted to this subcellular compartment.Assessing tau’s subcellular distribution,however,is not trivial as is evident from transgenic mouse studies.When human tau is over-expressed,it can be immunohistochemically localized to axons and the somatodendritic domain,modeling what is found in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.Yet,in wild-type mice,despite its abundance,tau is difficult to visualize even in the axon.It is even more challenging to detect this protein in the nucleus,where tau has been proposed to protect DNA from damage.To establish a framework for future studies into tau’s nuclear functions,we compared several methods to visualize endogenous nuclear tau in cell lines and mouse brain.While depending on the fixation and permeabilization protocol,we were able to detect nuclear tau in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells,we failed to do so in N2a murine neuroblastoma cells.As a second method we used subcellular fractionation of mouse tissue and found that in the nucleus tau is mainly present in a hypophosphorylated form.When either full-length or truncated human tau was expressed,both accumulated in the cytoplasm,but were also found in the nuclear fraction.Because subcellular fractionation methods have their limitations,we finally isolated nuclei to probe for nuclear tau and found that the nuclei were free of cytoplasmic contamination.Together our analysis identifies several protocols for detecting tau in the nucleus where it is found in a less phosphorylated form.  相似文献   
990.
Plant phenology is not only manifested in the seasonal timing of vegetative and reproductive processes but also has ontogenetic aspects. The adaptive basis of seasonal phenology has been considered mainly in terms of climatic drivers. However, some biotic factors as likely evolutionary influences on plants’ phenology appear to have been under‐researched. Several specific cases of putative biotic factors driving plant phenology are outlined, involving both herbivores and pathogens. These illustrate the diversity of likely interactions rather than any systematic coverage or review. Emphasis is on woody perennials, in which phenology is often most multifaceted and complicated by the ontogenetic aspect. The complete seasonal leaf fall that characterizes deciduous plants may be a very important defense against some pathogens. Whether biotic influences drive acquisition or long‐term persistence of deciduousness is considered. In one case, of leaf rusts in poplars, countervailing influences of the rusts and climate suggest persistence. Often, however, biotic and environmental influences likely reinforce each other. The timing and duration of shoot flushing may in at least some cases contribute to defenses against herbivores, largely through brief periods of “predator satiation” when plant tissues have highest food value. Wide re‐examination of plant phenology, accommodating the roles of biotic factors and their interplays with environments as additional adaptive drivers, is advocated toward developing and applying hypotheses that are observationally or experimentally testable.  相似文献   
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