Multilocus sequence types of Finnish bovine <Emphasis Type="Italic">Campylobacter jejuni</Emphasis> isolates and their attribution to human infections

Background  

Campylobacter jejuni is the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to the sporadic nature of infection, sources often remain unknown. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been successfully applied to population genetics of Campylobacter jejuni and mathematical modelling can be applied to the sequence data. Here, we analysed the population structure of a total of 250 Finnish C. jejuni isolates from bovines, poultry meat and humans collected in 2003 using a combination of Bayesian clustering (BAPS software) and phylogenetic analysis.     

Fracture prevention in COPD patients; a clinical 5-step approach

Although osteoporosis and its related fractures are common in patients with COPD, patients at high risk of fracture are poorly identified, and consequently, undertreated. Since there are no fracture prevention guidelines available that focus on COPD patients, we developed a clinical approach to improve the identification and treatment of COPD patients at high risk of fracture. We organised a round-table discussion with 8 clinical experts in the field of COPD and fracture prevention in the Netherlands in December 2013. The clinical experts presented a review of the literature on COPD, osteoporosis and fracture prevention. Based on the Dutch fracture prevention guideline, they developed a 5-step clinical approach for fracture prevention in COPD. Thereby, they took into account both classical risk factors for fracture (low body mass index, older age, personal and family history of fracture, immobility, smoking, alcohol intake, use of glucocorticoids and increased fall risk) and COPD-specific risk factors for fracture (severe airflow obstruction, pulmonary exacerbations and oxygen therapy). Severe COPD (defined as postbronchodilator FEV₁ < 50% predicted) was added as COPD-specific risk factor to the list of classical risk factors for fracture. The 5-step clinical approach starts with case finding using clinical risk factors, followed by risk evaluation (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and imaging of the spine), differential diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. This systematic clinical approach, which is evidence-based and easy-to-use in daily practice by pulmonologists, should contribute to optimise fracture prevention in COPD patients at high risk of fracture.     

The effect of age on calling behaviour of virgin females of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera) and on their pheromone content and ovarian development

Observations were made on the calling behaviour of virgin female Epiphyas postvittana, and on associated factors. The amount of calling varied with the age of the female, the longest total durations being on days 2 and 6 of adult life and the shortest on day 4. It is probable that the peak of activity occurs on day 2. The pattern of calling on day 6 was abnormal, probably as a result of the onset of senescence.Total pheromone content and the number of mature eggs in the ovary also varied with age. The pheromone content increased until day 5 and then dropped sharply — probably again due to senescence — and the number of mature eggs increased until days 3 and 4. The number on day 4 was not significantly different from that on day 3, but the high variance on day 4 indicated some females had oviposited. A 2-hour call by day-3 females caused a substantial drop in total pheromone content.

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Résumé Des femelles vierges d'Epiphyas postvittana sont étudiées pour déterminer l'influence de l'âge sur les manifestations d'appel sexuel, sur la teneur en phéromone et sur la maturation des ufs. L'appel sexuel qui se reconnaît à l'abaissement et à l'incurvation de l'abdomen vers l'avant ainsi qu'à l'éversion des glandes à phéromone, n'est pas continu chaque nuit mais se répartit en nombreuses périodes dont la durée peut varier de 5 minutes à 2 heures.La manifestation de l'appel sexuel varie avec l'âge; les plus longues durées s'observent au 2e et au 6e jour de la vie imaginale, les plus courtes au 4e jour. Ces variations dans la durée totale résultent des changements qui interviennent d'un jour au suivant dans la longueur des périodes d'appel, dans le nombre de ces périodes et du pourcentage des femelles actives. Il est probable que le pic d'activité se situe à l'âge de 2 jours, l'aspect anormal de l'appel à l'âge de 6 jours étant dû à un début de sénescence.La teneur totale en phéromone de femelles âgées de 1 à 11 jours est étudiée par des tests biologiques utilisant les extraits bruts à l'éther des glandes à phéromone. Cette teneur s'accroît de façon significative jusqu'au 5e jour et diminue brusquement au 6e jour. La teneur en phéromone reste alors approximativement à ce bas niveau. Cette diminution est sans doute une autre indication du début de la sénescence.On a étudié la quantité de phéromone perdue par les femelles pendant une période d'appel. L'activité d'un extrait de femelles âgées de 3 jours et fait au début de leur 1ère période d'appel est comparée avec un extrait réalisé sur des femelles qui ont manifesté un appel sexuel pendant 2 heures. Après 2 heures d'appel la teneur en phéromone est tombée au 1/5 de la teneur initiale.L'examen des ovaires de femelles vierges âgées de 1 à 4 jours montre que le nombre d'ufs mûrs s'accroît jusqu'aux 3e et 4e jour. Bien que le nombre d'ufs pour chacun de ces 2 jours ne diffère pas de façon significative, les variances, elles, le sont. La haute variance observée au 4e jour comparée avec la faible variance du 3e jour, indique que la ponte a commencé. Des observations directes montrent que les femelles vierges commencent à pondre 1e 4e jour.

     

An essential saccharide binding domain for the mAb 2C7 established for Neisseria gonorrhoeae LOS by ES-MS and MSn

A study of bacterial surface oligosaccharides were investigated among different strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to correlate structural features essential for binding to the MAb 2C7. This epitope is widely expressed and conserved in gonococcal isolates, characteristics essential to an effective candidate vaccine antigen. Sample lipooligosaccharides (LOS), was prepared by a modification of the hot phenol-water method from which de-O-acetylated LOS and oligosaccharide (OS) components were analyzed by ES-MS-CID-MS and ES-MSnin a triple quadrupole and an ion trap mass spectrometer, respectively. Previously documented natural heterogeneity was apparent from both LOS and OS preparations which was admixed with fragments induced by hydrazine and mild acid treatment. Natural heterogeneity was limited to phosphorylation and antenni extensions to the alpha-chain. Mild acid hydrolysis to release OS also hydrolyzed the beta(1-->6) glycosidic linkage of lipid A. OS structures were determined by collisional and resonance excitation combined with MS and multistep MSn which provided sequence information from both neutral loss, and nonreducing terminal fragments. A comparison of OS structures, with earlier knowledge of MAb binding, enzyme treatment, and partial acid hydrolysis indicates a generic overlapping domain for 2C7 binding. Reoccurring structural features include a Hepalpha(1-->3)Hepbeta(1-->5)KDO trisaccharide core branched on the nonreducing terminus (Hep-2) with an alpha(1-->2) linked GlcNAc (gamma-chain), and an alpha-linked lactose (beta-chain) residue. From the central heptose (Hep-1), a beta(1-->4) linked lactose (alpha-chain), moiety is required although extensions to this residue appear unnecessary.      

A spatial simulation model for forest succession in the Upper Mississippi River floodplain

A Markov-chain transition model (FORSUM) and Monte Carlo simulations were used to simulate the succession patterns and predict a long-term impact of flood on the forest structure and growth in the floodplain of the Upper Mississippi River and Illinois River. Model variables, probabilities, functions, and parameters were derived from the analysis of two comprehensive field surveys conducted in this floodplain. This modeling approach describes the establishment, growth, competition, and death of individual trees for modeled species on a 10,000-ha landscape with spatial resolution of 1 ha. The succession characteristics of each Monte Carlo simulation are summed up to describe forest development and dynamics on a landscape level. FORSUM simulated the impacts of flood intensity and frequency on species composition and dynamics in the Upper Mississippi River floodplain ecosystem. The model provides a useful tool for testing hypotheses about forest succession and enables ecologists and managers to evaluate the impacts of flood disturbances and ecosystem restoration on forest succession. The simulation results suggest that the Markov-chain Monte Carlo method is an efficient tool to help organize the existing data and knowledge of forest succession into a system of quantitative predictions for the Upper Mississippi River floodplain ecosystem.     

Physical, biomechanical, histologic, and biochemical effects of rapid versus conventional tissue expansion

Clinical tissue expansion has been quite successful but takes 2 to 3 months. This study compares the effects of a conventional tissue expansion regimen of 6 weeks with an accelerated regimen of 2 weeks in the dog model, which is biomechanically similar to the human. In 22 dogs, the skin expanded 34.4 percent in the 2-week and 35.8 percent in the 6-week protocol, excluding stretch and recruitment. There was thinning of the panniculus carnosus in the 6-week group and otherwise no significant decrease in dermal thickness in either group. The biomechanical properties of elasticity and creep did not differ in expanded skin from both groups, while stress/relaxation mildly decreased from a control value of 53.5 percent to 48.8 percent in the 6-week group (p less than 0.05). Collagen activity was increased in both the 6-week and the 2-week groups (p less than 0.001) over nonexpanded skin, and immunohistochemical staining with a monoclonal procollagen antibody demonstrated collagen synthesis by dermal fibroblasts in both groups. We conclude that rapid tissue expansion did not demonstrate any deleterious effects when compared with a conventional regimen.     

克拉玛依市2008年麻疹监测与控制情况分析

分析克拉玛依市麻疹流行状况及预防控制措施,为消除麻疹提供依据。采用描述流行病学分析方法,对2008年克拉玛依市麻疹资料进行分析。结果显示,克拉玛依市2008年麻疹发病率为38.83/10万(138/355381),呈高度散发,较2007年有所上升。发病高峰在3～5月,发病数占全年的83.33%。年龄分布大年龄组高于小年龄组,>20岁年龄组病例占50.00%,<1岁病例占18.84%;流动人口发病占51.11%。应切实提高麻疹常规免疫接种率和做好入托、入学儿童查验预防接种证工作,加强麻疹监测,提高实验室确诊病例的比例。     

Ecology,Environmental Impact Statements,and Ecological Risk Assessment: A Brief Historical Perspective

Ecological risk assessment will continue to increase in importance as a conceptual and methodological basis for evaluating environmental impacts as required by the National Environmental Policy Act. Understanding the historical strengths and limitations of more traditional environmental assessments performed in support of the NEPA can facilitate the effective incorporation of ecological risk assessment into the NEPA process. Such integration will also benefit from a knowledge of the historical and continuing development of the ecological risk assessment process, as well as from a recognition of the contri butions from modern quantitative ecology and ecosystem science. Adopting a risk-based approach can improve the NEPA process by providing a framework for consistent and comprehensive ecological assessment and by providing a conceptual and methodological basis for addressing the varied uncertainties attendant to environmental assessments. The primary concern in integrating ecological risk assessment into the NEPA process is that ecological risk assessment not merely become a new name for traditional environmental impact assessments. While the integration of ecological risk assessment into the NEPA process occurs, it is important to begin to outline the next transition in environmental assessment capabilities. Operationally linking ecological risk assessment methods with formal decision models appears as a worthwhile objective in beginning this transition.