全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2690篇 |
免费 | 246篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
2937篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 5篇 |
2023年 | 18篇 |
2022年 | 20篇 |
2021年 | 64篇 |
2020年 | 46篇 |
2019年 | 39篇 |
2018年 | 60篇 |
2017年 | 60篇 |
2016年 | 96篇 |
2015年 | 154篇 |
2014年 | 147篇 |
2013年 | 181篇 |
2012年 | 259篇 |
2011年 | 252篇 |
2010年 | 145篇 |
2009年 | 134篇 |
2008年 | 181篇 |
2007年 | 152篇 |
2006年 | 168篇 |
2005年 | 168篇 |
2004年 | 130篇 |
2003年 | 112篇 |
2002年 | 110篇 |
2001年 | 20篇 |
2000年 | 13篇 |
1999年 | 31篇 |
1998年 | 17篇 |
1997年 | 9篇 |
1996年 | 13篇 |
1995年 | 12篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 4篇 |
1992年 | 14篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1969年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 4篇 |
1882年 | 2篇 |
1878年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有2937条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Three-dimensional pore space quantification of apple tissue using X-ray computed microtomography 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The microstructure and the connectivity of the pore space are important variables for better understanding of the complex
gas transport phenomena that occur in plant tissues. In this study, we present an experimental procedure for image acquisition
and image processing to quantitatively characterize in 3D the pore space of apple tissues (Malus domestica Borkh.) for two cultivars (Jonagold and Braeburn) taken from the fleshy part of the cortex using X-ray computer microtomography.
Preliminary sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the effect of the resolution and the volume size (REV, representative
elementary volume analysis) on the computed porosity of apple samples. For comparison among cultivars, geometrical properties
such as porosity, specific surface area, number of disconnected pore volumes and their distribution parameters were extracted
and analyzed in triplicate based on the 3D skeletonization of the pore space (medial axis analysis). The results showed that
microtomography provides a resolution at the micrometer level to quantitatively analyze and characterize the 3D topology of
the pore space in apple tissue. The computed porosity was confirmed to be highly dependent of the resolution used, and the
minimum REV of the cortical flesh of apple fruit was estimated to be 1.3 mm3. Comparisons among the two cultivars using a resolution of 8.5 μm with a minimum REV cube showed that in spite of the complexity
and variability of the pore space network observed in Jonagold and Braeburn apples, the extracted parameters from the medial
axis were significantly different (P-value < 0.05). Medial axis parameters showed potential to differentiate the microstructure between the two evaluated apple
cultivars. 相似文献
22.
De Jonghe BC Hayes MR Banno R Skibicka KP Zimmer DJ Bowen KA Leichner TM Alhadeff AL Kanoski SE Cyr NE Nillni EA Grill HJ Bence KK 《American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism》2011,300(6):E1002-E1011
The adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin regulates energy balance through catabolic effects on central circuits, including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Leptin activation of POMC neurons increases thermogenesis and locomotor activity. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important negative regulator of leptin signaling. POMC neuron-specific deletion of PTP1B in mice results in reduced high-fat diet-induced body weight and adiposity gain due to increased energy expenditure and greater leptin sensitivity. Mice lacking the leptin gene (ob/ob mice) are hypothermic and cold intolerant, whereas leptin delivery to ob/ob mice induces thermogenesis via increased sympathetic activity to brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here, we examined whether POMC PTP1B mediates the thermoregulatory response of CNS leptin signaling by evaluating food intake, body weight, core temperature (T(C)), and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) in response to either exogenous leptin or 4-day cold exposure (4°C) in male POMC-Ptp1b-deficient mice compared with wild-type controls. POMC-Ptp1b(-/-) mice were hypersensitive to leptin-induced food intake and body weight suppression compared with wild types, yet they displayed similar leptin-induced increases in T(C). Interestingly, POMC-Ptp1b(-/-) mice had increased BAT weight and elevated plasma triiodothyronine (T(3)) levels in response to a 4-day cold challenge, as well as reduced SPA 24 h after cold exposure, relative to controls. These data show that PTP1B in POMC neurons plays a role in short-term cold-induced reduction of SPA and may influence cold-induced thermogenesis via enhanced activation of the thyroid axis. 相似文献
23.
Vikas SharmaJente Boonen Nagendra S. ChauhanMayank Thakur Bart De SpiegeleerV.K. Dixit 《Phytomedicine》2011,18(13):1161-1169
According to Indian Systems of Medicine, Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murr. (Family - Asteraceae), is considered effective in the treatment of sexual deficiencies especially due to ageing. In the present study, characterization of ethanolic extracts of the Spilanthes acmella flower and its effect on general mating pattern, penile erection and serum hormone levels of normal male Wistar albino rats were investigated and compared with sildenafil citrate. In vitro nitric oxide release was also investigated in human corpus cavernosum cell line. As N-alkylamides are a promising group, their profiling was performed using a gradient reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) method on an embedded polar column. MS1 and MS2 fragmentation data were used for identification purposes. For assessment of sexual behavior, animals were divided into five groups of eight male rats. The extracts (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight/day) and sildenafil citrate (5 mg/kg body weight/day) (positive control) were administered orally for 28 days. The behavioral and sexual parameters were observed at days 0, 15, 28 and after a lapse of 7 and 14 days of discontinuance of drug treatment. Five N-isobutylamides, one 2-methylbutylamide and one 2-phenylethylamide were identified. The orally administered extract had a dose dependent positive effect on mounting frequency, intromission frequency and ejaculation frequency and the most significant effects (p < 0.05) were observed at 150 mg/kg treatment, even after a lapse of 7 and 14 days of discontinuance of drug treatment. A dose dependent effect was also observed on the FSH, LH and testosterone serum levels. With 150 mg/kg of ethanolic extract the values for FSH, LH and testosterone were 3.10 ± 0.25 mlU/ml, 6.87 ± 0.18 mlU/ml and 3.72 ± 0.12 ng/ml, respectively. In vitro nitric oxide release was 21.7 ± 2.9 μM, which was significantly higher compared to the control group (p < 0.01). Sildenafil citrate exhibited also a significant effect on NO release, but no effect on hormone levels of rats was observed. The aphrodisiac potential of an ethanolic Spilanthes acmella extract was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. N-Alkylamides might attribute to the improved sexual potential. Study lends support to the traditional utilization of S. acmella as a sexual stimulating agent. 相似文献
24.
Root morphological plasticity and nutrient acquisition of perennial grass species from habitats of different nutrient availability 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
We studied the root foraging ability and its consequences for the nutrient acquisition of five grass species that differ
in relative growth rate and that occur in habitats that differ widely in nutrient availability. Foraging responses were quantified,
based on the performance of the plants in homogeneous and heterogeneous soil environments of the same overall nutrient availability.
Although all species tended to produce a significantly higher root length density in a nutrient-rich patch, this response
was significant only for the faster-growing species. The increased root length density resulted from small, though not significant,
changes in root biomass and specific root length. The effectiveness of root proliferation was determined by quantifying the
total amount of nutrients (N and P) accumulated by the plants over the course of the experiment. Plants acquired more N in
a heterogeneous environment than in a homogeneous environment, although the total nutrient availability was the same. The
ability to acquire nutrients (N or P) in the heterogeneous environment was not related to the ability of species to increase
root length density in response to local nutrient enrichment. In contrast to other studies, our results suggest that the role
of morphological plasticity of roots in acquiring patchily distributed resources is limited. Possible reasons for this discrepancy
are discussed.
Received: 11 September 1997 / Accepted: 28 February 1998 相似文献
25.
Celia F. Goodhew Graham W. Pettigrew Bart Devreese jozef van Beeumen Rob J.M. van Spanning Simon C. Baker Neil Saunders stuart J. Ferguson Ian P. Thompson 《FEMS microbiology letters》1996,137(1):95-101
Abstract The c -type cytochrome and protein profiles were compared for a number of cultures of Paracoccus denitrificans obtained from a range of culture collections. The cultures fell into two groups corresponding to the two original isolates of this bacterial species. One group, which included NCIMB 8944, ATCC 13543, ATCC 17741, ATCC 19367, Pd 1222 and DSM 413, were similar or identical to LMD 22.21. The second group, including DSM 65 and LMG 4218, were similar or identical to LMD 52.44. These groupings were not compatible with the recorded history of culture deposition. Mass spectrometry and amino acid sequence comparisons showed that the cytochrome c -550 of the LMD 52.44 culture group differed by 16% from that of the LMD 22.21 group, and yet was only 1% different from the cytochrome c -550 of Thiosphaera pantotropha . These results suggest that consideration should be given to creation of a new species of Paracoccus pantotropha , which would include Thiosphaera pantotropha and Paracoccus denitrificans LMD 52.44. 相似文献
26.
Jan Derksen Bart Knuiman Karin Hoedemaekers Anouchka Guyon Sandrine Bonhomme Elisabeth S. Pierson 《Sexual plant reproduction》2002,15(3):133-139
Tricellular pollen tubes of Arabidopsis thaliana were cultured in vitro on solid media and studied with respect to growth, cellular organization and ultrastructure, cytoskeletal organization, organelle movement, deposition and structure of the wall and the occurrence of coated pits, all elements assumed to be relevant for tip growth. For our ultrastructural studies we used freeze fixation and freeze substitution. Although Arabidopsis pollen tubes are broadly similar to those of bicellular species such as Nicotiana tabacum and Lilium spec. and in vivo grown pollen tubes of Arabidopsis, some differences occurred. The density of the equally distributed, relatively small (85 nm) secretory vesicles (SV) in the tip is low (five/µm 2). In between the SV of the tip, membranous material, possibly smooth endoplasmic reticulum, fragments of rough endoplasmic reticulum and loose ribosomes are present. The wall in the tip is not amorphous but layered and a secondary wall is formed already in the flanks of the tip. The general pattern of organelle motion is reverse fountain-like, but individual organelles move in distinct lanes at speeds of up to 2 µm/s, and about half of the organelle population shows a moderate velocity or Brownian movement. These properties are discussed in relation to the low growth rate (10 µm/h) of Arabidopsis pollen grown in vitro. The two similar sperm cells are closely attached and are always found near the vegetative nucleus. No surrounding wall and no cytoskeletal elements were obvious in the sperm cells. The preferential location of the mitochondria at the wall and the large (up to 400 nm) coated pits are unique for angiosperm pollen tubes. The size of the coated pits may allow not only membrane retrieval but also pinocytosis. 相似文献
27.
Background
Pancreatic-tail duct ligation (PDL) in adult rodents has been reported to induce beta cell generation and increase beta cell mass but increases in beta cell number have not been demonstrated. This study examines whether PDL increases beta cell number and whether this is caused by neogenesis of small clusters and/or their growth to larger aggregates.Methodology
Total beta cell number and its distribution over small (<50 µm), medium, large (>100 µm) clusters was determined in pancreatic tails of 10-week-old mice, 2 weeks after PDL or sham.Principal findings
PDL increased total beta cell mass but not total beta cell number. It induced neogenesis of small beta cell clusters (2.2-fold higher number) which contained a higher percent proliferating beta cells (1.9% Ki67+cells) than sham tails (<0.2%); their higher beta cell number represented <5% of total beta cell number and was associated with a similar increase in alpha cell number. It is unknown whether the regenerative process is causally related to the inflammatory infiltration in PDL-tails. Human pancreases with inflammatory infiltration also exhibited activation of proliferation in small beta cell clusters.Conclusions/significance
The PDL model illustrates the advantage of direct beta cell counts over beta cell mass measurements when assessing and localizing beta cell regeneration in the pancreas. It demonstrates the ability of the adult mouse pancreas for neogenesis of small beta cell clusters with activated beta cell proliferation. Further studies should investigate conditions under which neoformed small beta cell clusters grow to larger aggregates and hence to higher total beta cell numbers. 相似文献28.
29.
Ross M. Andrews Therese Kearns Christine Connors Colin Parker Kylie Carville Bart J. Currie Jonathan R. Carapetis 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2009,3(11)
Background
Linked to extreme rates of chronic heart and kidney disease, pyoderma is endemic amongst Aboriginal children in Australia''s Northern Territory (NT). Many of those with pyoderma will also have scabies. We report the results of a community-based collaboration within the East Arnhem Region, which aimed to reduce the prevalence of both skin infections in Aboriginal children.Methodology/Principal Findings
Commencing September 2004, we conducted an ecological study that included active surveillance for skin infections amongst children aged <15 years in five remote East Arnhem communities over a three year period. Screening was undertaken by trained local community workers, usually accompanied by another project team member, using a standard data collection form. Skin infections were diagnosed clinically with the aid of a pictorial flip chart developed for the purpose. Topical 5% permethrin was provided for age-eligible children and all household contacts whenever scabies was diagnosed, whilst those with pyoderma were referred to the clinic for treatment in accordance with current guidelines. In addition, annual mass scabies treatment (5% permethrin cream) was offered to all community residents in accordance with current guidelines but was not directly observed. Pyoderma and scabies prevalence per month was determined from 6038 skin assessments conducted on 2329 children. Pyoderma prevalence dropped from 46.7% at baseline to a median of 32.4% (IQR 28.9%–41.0%) during the follow-up period – an absolute reduction of 14.7% (IQR 4.7%–16.8%). Compared to the first 18 months of observation, there was an absolute reduction in pyoderma prevalence of 18 cases per 100 children (95%CI −21.0, −16.1, p≤0.001) over the last 18 months. Treatment uptake increased over the same period (absolute difference 13.4%, 95%CI 3.3, 23.6). While scabies prevalence was unchanged, the prevalence of infected scabies (that is with superimposed pyoderma) decreased from 3.7% (95%CI 2.4, 4.9) to 1.5% (95%CI 0.7, 2.2), a relative reduction of 59%.Conclusion
Although pyoderma prevalence remained unacceptably high, there was a substantial reduction overall with improvements in treatment uptake a critical factor. More acceptable alternatives, such as cotrimoxazole for pyoderma and ivermectin as a community-wide scabicide, warrant further investigation in these settings. We are encouraged by progress made through this work, where local action was led by local community members and primary health care providers with external training and support.Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00884728相似文献30.
Plumage colour in nestling blue tits: sexual dichromatism,condition dependence and genetic effects 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Johnsen A Delhey K Andersson S Kempenaers B 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2003,270(1521):1263-1270
Sexual-selection theory assumes that there are costs associated with ornamental plumage coloration. While pigment-based ornaments have repeatedly been shown to be condition dependent, this has been more difficult to demonstrate for structural colours. We present evidence for condition dependence of both types of plumage colour in nestling blue tits (Parus caeruleus). Using reflectance spectrometry, we show that blue tit nestlings are sexually dichromatic, with males having more chromatic (more 'saturated') and ultraviolet (UV)-shifted tail coloration and more chromatic yellow breast coloration. The sexual dimorphism in nestling tail coloration is qualitatively similar to that of chick-feeding adults from the same population. By contrast, the breast plumage of adult birds is not sexually dichromatic in terms of chroma. In nestlings, the chroma of both tail and breast feathers is positively associated with condition (body mass on day 14). The UV/blue hue of the tail feathers is influenced by paternally inherited genes, as indicated by a maternal half-sibling comparison. We conclude that the expression of both carotenoid-based and structural coloration seems to be condition dependent in blue tit nestlings, and that there are additional genetic effects on the hue of the UV/blue tail feathers. The signalling or other functions of sexual dichromatism in nestlings remain obscure. Our study shows that nestling blue tits are suitable model organisms for the study of ontogenetic costs and heritability of both carotenoid-based and structural colour in birds. 相似文献