Farbstoffgehalt und Grösse der Augen bei verschiedenen Mutanten von Drosophila melanogaster

Zusammenfassung Quantitative Untersuchungen über den Farbstoffgehalt der Drosophilaaugen haben schon wiederholt gezeigt, daß die Werte bei bestimmten Mutanten von der Erwartung abweichen. So fand man regelmäßig bei den rotäugigen Mutanten v bzw. cn weniger Pterin und bei der braunäugigen Mutante bw weniger Ommochrom als bei Wildfliegen.Wir haben diese Befunde zunächst mit Hilfe einer vereinfachten Extraktions- und Meßtechnik nachgeprüft und bestätigt. Die genauere Analyse ergab dann aber, daß das Farbstoffdefizit der Mutanten v, cn und bw lediglich darauf beruht, daß diese Tiere kleinere Augen haben als die Wildfliegen. Die Augenverkleinerung ist jedoch nicht, wie gelegentlich vermutet wurde, die Folge einer polyphänen Wirkung der Gene v, cn und bw, sondern nur eine besondere Eigenschaft bestimmter Fliegenstämme, die heute in fast allen Laboratorien gehalten werden.Die Erscheinung selbst beruht auf der Wirkung augenverkleinernder Modifikationsgene, die bei diesen Stämmen zufällig mit den Farbgenen gekoppelt sind, durch geeignete Kreuzungen aber eliminiert werden können. Unsere so erhaltenen neuen v-, cn- und bw-Stämme besitzen nicht nur ebenso große Augen wie die Wildfliegen, sondern enthalten auch die theoretisch erwarteten Mengen an Augenfarbstoffen. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Größe der Augen und ihrem Farbstoffgehalt hat u. a. zur Folge, daß die Männchen, die ja stets kleinere Augen haben als die Weibchen, bei allen Mutanten weniger Augenpigment besitzen als jene.Der Farbstoffgehalt der Augen hängt außerdem von der Zucht-temperatur ab. Fliegen, die sich bei 18° C entwickeln, besitzen weniger Pterin aber mehr Ommochrom als solche, die bei 26° C aufgezogen werden. Auch die Melaninsynthese im Integument der Tiere wird durch Temperaturerniedrigung begünstigt; aus 18°-Zuchten stammende Fliegen sind deutlich dunkler als die entsprechenden 26°-Tiere.     

BIOSYNTHESIS OF COLLAGEN AND NON-COLLAGEN PROTEIN DURING DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHICK CORNEA

The relationship between the rates of increase of corneal protein fractions and incorporation of labeled precursors has been examined during embryonic and early posthatching development of the chick corneal stroma. Non-collagen protein increased gradually from 9 through 20 days of incubation. Collagen accumulated approximately logarithmically through the 19th day, the most rapid rate occurring between 13 and 20 days of incubation. The rates at which labeled amino acids are incorporated into collagen in vivo and in vitro undergo marked changes during the last week of embryonic development, corresponding closely to the rate of collagen accumulation in vivo; whereas incorporation into non-collagen protein changes much less markedly. Changes in the rate of incorporation of precursors into collagen are not due to changes in the rate of conversion of collagen from the soluble to insoluble form, or to changes in the endogenous amino acid pool size. Chick embryo corneal stroma collagen turns over very slowly, if at all. Non-collagen protein turns over more rapidly. An increase in cell number, as indicated by DNA content, does not account for the increased rate of collagen synthesis between the 9th and 16th day of incubation. It is concluded that the observed changes in collagen synthesis reflect changing activities in the individual cornea fibroblasts. These activities are comparable in the intact tissue in vivo and in isolated corneas in vitro.     

The Molecular Weight and Aggregation of DNA

The effects of enzymatic attack and of shear during the isolation and deproteinization of DNA have been investigated. Different methods of disaggregating DNA have been studied, and conditions under which reaggregation can occur are discussed. It was found that shaking with chloroform-octanol does not degrade DNA from the seven sources studied; that light scattering yields valid weight-average molecular weights for these samples; and that, when disaggregated, the molecular weights of these samples are in the range 1.2-2.4 million and the length-to-mass ratios are high.     

Carotenoids and carotenoid metabolism in Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Decapoda)

The carotenoid pigments of the hepatopancreas, ovaries and epidermis of Carcinus maenas were investigated. The following pigments were identified: β-carotene, δ-carotene, echinenone, isocryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, flavoxanthin and astacene.
The relative abundance of these pigments in the three tissues and the presence of possible hydroxy and keto intermediates suggest the metabolism of astaxanthin from β-carotene. The metabolic pathway in Carcinus is discussed in relation to recent studies on other invertebrates.     

Carotenoids and carotenoid metabolism in Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Decapoda)

The carotenoid pigments of the hepatopancreas, ovaries and epidermis of Carcinus maenas were investigated. The following pigments were identified: β-carotene, δ-carotene, echinenone, isocryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, flavoxanthin and astacene.
The relative abundance of these pigments in the three tissues and the presence of possible hydroxy and keto intermediates suggest the metabolism of astaxanthin from β-carotene. The metabolic pathway in Carcinus is discussed in relation to recent studies on other invertebrates.     

The Growth and Toxin Production of Clostridium botulinum Type E in Certain Vacuum Packed Fish

The growth and toxin production of Clostridium botulinum type E in various types of vacuum packed fish products was tested, with particular reference to the time/temperature relationship of storage. Toxin production was most rapid in herring although smoking retarded its development. With as small an inoculum as 10² spores/pack, fresh herring became toxic after storage for 15 days at 5°. Irradiation of three species of fish after inoculation with Cl. botulinum type E showed that spores surviving radiation germinated and produced toxin more rapidly than an equivalent concentration of spores in nonirradiated fish.     

Microporosity of the substratum regulates differentiation of MDCK cells in vitro

Summary We have analyzed the ability of the physical substratum to modulate both the ultrastructural and protein synthetic characteristics of the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) renal cell line. When MDCK cells were seeded on Millipore Millicell CM microporous membrane cell culture inserts they demonstrated a more columnar organization with an increase in cell density sixfold greater than the same cells seeded on conventional plastic substrata. After 1 wk postseeding on the microporous membrane a partial basal lamina was noted, with a contiguous basement membrane being apparent after 2 wk. One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis was used to analyze detergent-solubilized proteins from MDCK cells maintained on plastic substrata vs. microporous membranes. When proteins were pulse-labeled with [³⁵S]methionine, a 55 kDa protein was evident in the cytosolic extract of cells grown on collagen, laminin, and nontreated plastic substrata; but this labeled protein was not evident in similar extracts from cells grown on collagen and laminin-coated microporous membranes. To test if the polarized, basement-membrane secreting phenotype of the MDCK cells could be generated on a microporous membrane without pretreatment with any extracellular matrix (ECM) components, cells were seeded on the Millipore Millicell HA (cellulosic) microporous membrane. This type of substrata does not need a coating of ECM components for cell attachment. A partial basement membrane was formed below cells where the basal surface of the cell was planar, but not in areas where the cell formed large cytoplasmic extensions into the filter. This led us to the conclusion that the microporous nature of the substrata can dictate both ultrastructural and protein synthetic activities of MDCK cells. Furthermore, we suggest that both the planar nature of the basal surface and the microporosity of the substrate are corequisites for the deposition of the basement membrane.     

Genetic transformation of apple (Malus pumila Mill.) using a disarmed Ti-binary vector

The disamed Ti-binary vector pBIN 6 in Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been used in leaf disc transfomations to produce transgenic apple (Malus pumila Mill.) plants with a nomal phenotype except for a somewhat reduced capacity to root. The presence of the genes for nopaline synthase and neomycin phosphotrans ferase (conferring kanamycin resistance), inserted into the host genome by the vector, was confirmed by Southern blot analysis, the detection of nopaline synthase activity and rooting in the presence of the antibiotic.The nopaline synthase gene continued to be expressed in glasshouse-grown plants several months after removal from in vitro growth conditions.