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231.
232.
In this study we describe the contribution of matrilineal and patrilineal effects on the adiposity, body weight, and on the
weights of individual fat pads in F2 male mice derived from an SWR/J × AKR/J cross. AKR/J mice become obese after 12 weeks on a high-fat diet, whereas SWR/J mice
remain relatively lean. Here we report that mice with AKR maternal and AKR paternal grandmothers have significantly larger
epidydimal and retroperitoneal fat pads than those with SWR maternal and paternal grandmothers. However, grandparental strain
had no effect on the overall adiposity (AI) or the weights of the inguinal, subcutaneous or mesenteric fat pads. The strain
of the paternal grandparents had a small but significant effect on body weight. These effects can be attributed to in utero
effects, imprinting effects, cytoplasmic and/or Y chromosome transmission of factors controlling body fat. We also describe
the presence of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on Chromosome X, close to DXMit174, which is linked to adiposity, body weight, and to the weights of the individual fat depots. However, this QTL is not responsible
for the grandparental strain effects described above.
Received: 3 March 1997 / Accepted: 5 May 1997 相似文献
233.
Søren Bak Rachel Alice Kahn Carl Erik Olsen Barbara Ann Halkier 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》1997,11(2):191-201
Obtusifoliol 14β-demethylase from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench has been cloned using a gene-specific probe generated using PCR primers designed from an internal 14 amino acid sequence. The sequence identifies sorghum obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase as a cytochrome P450 and it is assigned to the CYP51 family together with the sterol 14α-demethylases from fungi and mammals. The presence of highly conserved regions in the amino acid sequences, analogous substrates and the same metabolic role demonstrate that the sterol 14α-demethylases are orthologous enzymes. The sterol 14α-demethylases catalyse an essential step in sterol biosynthesis as evidenced by the absence of a 14α-methyl group in all known functional sterols. A functional sorghum obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase was expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli and purified using an efficient method based on temperature-induced Triton X-114 phase partitioning. The recombinant purified enzyme produced a type I spectrum with obtusifoliol as substrate. Reconstitution of purified recombinant enzyme with sorghum NADPH—cytochrome P450 reductase in dilaurylphosphatidylcholine micelles confirms that obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase catalyses the 14α-demethylation of obtusifoliol to 4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3β-ol as evidenced by GC—MS. The isolation of a cDNA clone encoding the plant sterol 14α-demethylase, combined with the previously isolated cDNA clones for fungal and mammalian sterol 14α-demethylases, provides an important tool in the rational design of specific inhibitors towards the individual sterol 14α-demethylases. 相似文献
234.
Barbara Thöni 《Journal of Ornithology》1997,138(3):315-324
Zusammenfassung Im Frühjahr 1995 (Febr.–Mai) wurden auf der Schwäbischen Alb 7 Kolkrabenpaare beobachtet. Ziel der Untersuchung war es den Aufwand der Altvögel für die Jungenaufzucht zu erfassen. Der Aufwand wurde über die Aktivität der Altvögel am Nest abgeschätzt und bezüglich der Jungenzahl und des Wetters ausgewertet. Paare, die mehrere Junge hatten, sparten beim Hudern Kosten ein, da sie ihre Jungen bis zu einem geringeren Alter hudern mußten und weniger stark von der Temperatur abhängig waren. Bei den Fütterungen verringerte sich die Fütterfrequenz pro Jungvogel mit zunehmender Jungenzahl, die absolute Anzahl an Fütterungen nahm jedoch zu. Der Aufwand für die Nesthygiene war unabhängig von der Jungenzahl. Selbst bei mehreren Jungen blieb Zeit für Komfortverhalten. Jungenaufzucht war also effektiver, wenn mehrere Jungen gleichzeitig aufgezogen wurden.
Parental expenditure for rearing nestlings by ravensCorvus corax
In spring 1995 (Feb.–May) I observed seven pairs of Raven in southern Germany on the Schwäbischen Alb. The aim was to record parental expenditure for rearing nestlings. Expenditure was assessed by recording the activities of the adults at their nest (mainly brooding and feeding the offspring) and was analysed with respect to the number of nestlings per brood and with respect to the weather. Pairs with more than one nestling saved effort by stopping brooding their offspring at a lower nestling age. Also brooding was less dependent on the ambient temperature for pairs with more than one nestling than for pairs with only one nestling. The feeding frequency per nestling has been lower, if there were more nestlings to feed. The total frequency of feeding increased with increasing number of nestlings per brood. The effort for the hygiene of the nest was independent upon the number of offspring per nest. Nevertheless, pairs with more than one nestling spent time for comfort behaviour. Thus, it was more effective to reare more than one nestling at a time.相似文献
235.
N-Acetylaspartylglutamate Stimulates Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 3 to Regulate Expression of the GABAA α6 Subunit in Cerebellar Granule Cells 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Subroto Ghose Barbara Wroblewska Lorenzo Corsi †Dennis R. Grayson ‡Angel L. De Blas Stefano Vicini Joseph H. Neale 《Journal of neurochemistry》1997,69(6):2326-2335
Abstract: We have shown that the vertebrate neuropeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) meets the criteria for a neurotransmitter, including function as a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 3 agonist. Short-term treatment of cerebellar granule cells with NAAG (30 µM) results in the transient increase in content of GABAAα6 subunit mRNA. Using quantitative PCR, this increase was determined to be up to 170% of control values. Similar effects are seen following treatment with trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate and glutamate and are blocked by the mGluR antagonists (2S,3S,4S)-2-methyl-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine and (2S)-α-ethylglutamic acid. The effect is pertussis toxin-sensitive. The increase in α6 subunit mRNA level can be simulated by activation of other receptors negatively linked to adenylate cyclase activity, such as adenosine A1, α2-adrenergic, muscarinic, and GABAB receptors. Forskolin stimulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels abolished the effect of NAAG. The change in α6 levels induced by 30 µM NAAG can be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by simultaneous application of increasing doses of the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol. The increase in α6 mRNA content is followed by a fourfold increase in α6 protein level 6 h posttreatment. Under voltage-clamped conditions, NAAG-treated granule cells demonstrate an increase in the furosemide-induced inhibition of GABA-gated currents in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating an increase in functional α6-containing GABAA receptors. These data support the hypothesis that NAAG, acting through mGluR3, regulates expression of the GABAAα6 subunit via a cAMP-mediated pathway and that cAMP-coupled receptors for other neurotransmitters may similarly influence GABAA receptor subunit composition. 相似文献
236.
Barbara Lubec Zhuang Ya-hua Sainio Pertti Tuohimaa Pentti Erwin Kitzmüller Gert Lubec 《Life sciences》1997,60(26):618-2381
L-arginine and taurine are still in the center of physiological and pharmacological research. Although the fate of nitrogen of both compounds and of the 35S-taurine is well-documented, the fate of the carbon skeleton has not been elucidated yet. We studied the organ distribution of 14C arginine and 14C taurine over time in the mouse using whole body autoradiography with densitometric image analysis. We describe different organ distribution patterns. Kidney, heart, lung, the Harderian gland, the central nervous system, intestine and testis showed a comparable pattern of arginine disappearance in contrast to rapid disappearance in the salivary gland and the accumulation pattern in bone and spleen. Data on 14C taurine of liver, kidneys, lung, testis and Harderian gland resembled the arginine pattern; Accumulation of taurine carbon was found in salivary gland, bone, intestine, heart and brain. Our studies challenge and demand further related studies to obtaining more information on the fate of the carbon skeleton of these amino acids. 相似文献
237.
Zheng, Lu P., Rui Sheng Du, and Barbara E. Goodman.Effects of acute hyperoxic exposure on solute fluxes across the blood-gas barrier in rat lungs. J. Appl.Physiol. 82(1): 240-247, 1997.We investigatedeffects of acute hyperoxia on solute transport from air space tovascular space in isolated rat lungs. Air spaces were filled withKrebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution containing fluoresceinisothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD-20; mol wt 20,000) and either22Na+and [14C]sucrose, orD-[14C]glucoseandL-[3H]glucose.Apparent permeability-surface area products for tracers over time (upto 120 min) were calculated for isolated perfused lungs from controlrats (room air) and rats exposed to >95%O2 for 48 or 60 h immediatelypostexposure. After O2 exposures,mean fluxes for[14C]sucrose and FD-20were significantly higher than in room-air control lungs. However,amiloride-sensitive Na+ and activeD-glucose fluxes were unchangedafter hyperoxic exposure. Therefore, it is unlikely that decreases innet solute transport in this lung-injury model contributed to pulmonaryedema resulting from O2 toxicity.Increased net solute transport shown to help resolve pulmonary edemaafter acute hyperoxic exposure must therefore begin during the recoveryperiod. In summary, our data show increases in passive solute fluxesbut no changes in active solute fluxes immediately after acutehyperoxic lung injury. 相似文献
238.
Paweł Kafarski Barbara Lejczak Roman Tyka Lucyna Koba Elżbieta Pliszczak Piotr Wieczorek 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》1995,14(4):199-203
A series of phosphonic, phosphinic, and phosphonous acid analogues of phenylglycine and phenylalanine was synthesized and tested as herbicides against Lepidium sativum and Cucumis sativus. Aminobenzylphosphonic acids exhibited notable herbicidal activity and thus represent a group of the most active herbicides found among aminophosphonic acids. 相似文献
239.
A point mutation in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene associated with Segawa's syndrome 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
We have examined the molecular basis of Segawa's syndrome in six families with seven affected children. In one family two siblings with this disease carried a point mutation in exon 11 of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, resulting in an amino acid exchange of Gln381 to Lys381. These results suggest that a change in tyrosine hydroxylase causes this form of Segawa's syndrome. 相似文献
240.
A de novo satellited short arm of the Y chromosome possibly resulting from an unstable translocation
A satellited long arm of the Y chromosome (Yqs) is considered a normal variation, whereas the presence of a satellite on the short arm of the Y (Yps) has never been described in the literature. A Yps chromosome could be clinically significant if the translocation resulting in Yps has relocated the testis-determining gene, SRY, to another chromosome. A carrier of such a translocation would therefore be at increased risk for having XX male and XY female offspring. Here we describe the first reported case of de novo Yps present in a phenotypically normal male. This Yps chromosome was positive for C-banding and nucleolus organizer region (NOR) staining and showed a hybridization signal for the -satellite sequence. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis indicated that SRY was retained on the Yps and the translocation breakpoint on Yps was distal to the pseudoautosomal region. At prenatal diagnosis, a normal appearing Y chromosome was found in his son, and thus the satellite on Yps was lost during meiotic Xp-Yp pairing. This Yps chromosome was likely the product of an unstable translocation. 相似文献